The Antebellum Period in America

The antebellum period in America was one of rapid change. With the ideals of Romanticism at hand, people were in the frame of mind to improve society in order to reach this state of perfection that according to the movement was indeed attainable. American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society with regards to education, temperance, and women’s rights. There were great efforts for education reform between 1820 and 1860. Horace Mann of Massachusetts was one such leader of education reform.In Massachusetts, he restructured thee educational system so that the school year was longer and educators were better paid. Moreover, by the 1950’s there were tax funded elementary schools in existence in many states. However,only seventy-two percent of white children in the North were actually enrolled in school. In the South the figures were more dismal; about one-third of white children were enrolled in schoo l and blacks had no opportunity to be. In addition, some teachers of this time period were barely literate.Despite the great push for education reform by reformers such as Horace Mann, there were still flaws with the education provided, making education reform reflect both optimistic and pessimistic views. Temperance too was widely supported by reformers of the period but caused controversy and bitterness. During the antebellum, there was and overproduction and abundance of alcohol in America; so much so that the average male drank about three times as much as one would today. As alcohol was so readily available in all areas of the nation and affecting so much of the population, there were many outspoken groups arguing for abstinence against liquor.The Protestants, as a whole, were rather outspoken for they argued that it placed a great strain on the women as they their men could not support their families while in some sort of drunken stupor. As this movement went on, many joined a nd pledged their abstinence from liquor. However, as the movement went on to include other alcoholic items such as beer and wine issues arose. As many Catholic immigrants also used alcohol as a part of their social activity, the temperance movement’s call for abstinence from all alcohol came to be a problem for Catholic-Protestant interactions. Therefore, temperance too reflected boththe optimistic and pessimistic views. Women’s rights too had its high and low points. For as women’s right did rally a great deal of support largely in the form of women, women ’s rights were often viewed as a secondary cause once compared to abolition. In this time period, there were, however, advances in the cause of women’s rights. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman physician, came to be in this period. Equality of the sexes was also largely supported by the Quakers. The Women’s Rights convention at Seneca Falls of 1848 was momentous for women’s righ ts as well as it was there that the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† emerged.This â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† would call for the end of separate â€Å"spheres† for women and men. However, many of the demands made in this declaration would go unaddressed for quite some time; women only get the right to vote in the twentieth century. Many women reformers too were attacked for being so outspoken. Thus, for the advancements made, there were still issues remaining and unaddressed. As with nearly all things, education, temperance, and women’s rights between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views.While Horace Mann called for longer running, better funded schools, there were still schools that employed individuals who were barely literate. Although temperance would aid women as they suffered when their men were drunk, it caused friction between Protestants and Catholics. Furthermore, though Quakers were supportive of equal rights for w omen, a large portion of men throughout the nation were not so open to the idea of equality between the sexes. Therefore, these movements exhibited both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society.

What You Pawn I Will Redeem

The first part of this assignment asks us to list three pieces of fiction that you have read. This question is not easy for me being that I haven’t read many books in my lifetime. The only book I have read is the Holy Bible. I have read several books to my children such as The Three Little Pigs, and Little Red Robin and other children nursery rhymes short stories. What I liked about reading the stories to my children was watching and listening to them asks questions about the story and seeing their expression when the big bad wolf tried to blow their houses down. What I like about the Bible is it is full of quotes and stories that give me encouragement when I am going through. I read my Bible when things are not going right in my life and I can find comfort in the scriptures. The books of Psalms are considered songs that can comfort you, and convict you. When I read my bible I feel a connection with God, and this is a wonderful experience. The Bible teaches me how I am to treat my neighbors. It teaches me that if I don’t work then I can’t. It prepares me for Jesus return and if I want to make heaven my eternal home then I have to follow the guidelines that are in the 66 books of the bible. Literature to me is reading different ways that writers put words together and make it into a story, a poem and other reading material. Literature is a source of expression of one’s thoughts that is put onto paper for others to read and gain insight on other people’s thoughts. Literature comes in different forms such as books, and magazines. There are other ways literature can be enjoyed by everybody even if you have a disability such as a blind person can use Braille and listen to a book in audio format. My thoughts on why I think literature is valuable or a waste of time is I have mixed feeling about this. I believe literature is valuable because it helps us to understand the thoughts of others. Literature is valuable in this day and age because if you cannot read or write you will have a hard time finding ways to support yourself and your family. To me it is a waste when your career choice is Medical Coding and Billing, and they give you a literature course that has nothing to do with what you are paying good money to learn your career chose. Part B What are the main points of this piece? They are talking about a homeless man that is dealing with his biological family and the people who live on he street with him that he calls family too. He deals with his being a Native American Indian and being stereotype by others. Even though we as a people stereotype others by how they look, where they live or because they don’t look or do the same as you do, the author wants the people to know all people can be redeemed no matter how low they get in life. What are the images the author co njures for the reader? Some of the images I seen were after fifty years of not knowing who stole their grandmothers regalia and it suddenly appears as Jackson and his friends are on the streets panhandling. Another image was the yellow bead that was sewn somewhere into the regalia. This was a tribal tradition to hide it in the regalia so it wouldn’t be easy to find. What does the grandmother regalia symbolize? The regalia was worn when they participated in the powwow dance, which was a traditional ceremony performed by the Native American Indians. It is a decorative cloth with feathers and beads which are sewn in. It reflects an individual’s life and their circumstances. How does the author use the element of surprise? What You Pawn I Will Redeem English 102 MWF 11-11:50 I really enjoyed the story What You Pawn I will Redeem. It was very well written and kept my attention throughout the story. It is amazing that he walked by a pawnshop and immediately recognized his grandmother’s regalia without ever seeing it other than in pictures. I enjoy reading about Native American cultures and beliefs. There was a lot of humor in this story and Jackson definitely did not take himself too seriously. I think the 1st person narrator was very important in telling this story.I do not feel that Jackson was an unreliable narrator because he seemed to tell it like it is. He had no reason to try to make himself look better. He seems to accept himself for who he is. He is an honest man who seems to be well liked by everybody he deals with on a regular basis, from the cop to the guy with the newspapers. He shows his struggles with alcohol and also his giving nature. All the money he came across he spent not just on himself getting drunk bu t on others as well.I believe that the theme of the story is that no matter where you go in your life you never forget or really give up where you come from. Jackson Jackson has been homeless for six years away from his family in Spokane yet as soon as he saw his grandmother’s regalia in the window he knew it was hers even before they find the yellow bead. It then becomes his mission to gather the money to get it back. The regalia is a piece of him and the life he left behind. Even though he does not come up with the money to buy it back he still ends up with it in the end.

DQ 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DQ 2 - Essay Example Just as the Central Florida Police Stress Unit proposes, there should be department-based programs to help effectively alleviate specific job-related stress and to help generally thwart occupational stress in the disciplined forces. It is the responsibility of criminal justice agencies to include criminal justice agency staff members, professional legal counselors and peers of these criminal justice agencies in stress reduction efforts. First, this cannot materialize if criminal justice agencies do not come together as a caucus. Just as the National Institute of Justice observed, to successfully alleviate professional stress, criminal justice agencies must unitarily appoint a dedicated member of staff to: identify with stressed colleagues; solicit the support of, and work together with administrators, staff members, family members and officers’ unions; observe confidentiality; and accord stressed employees, an array of support services (Gino and Cable, 2013). Above all, criminal justice agencies can best abate employee stress by counseling and educating employees on their legal or constitutional duties. Inadequate understanding of legal injunctions opens up doors for legal suits, dismissal of evidence or work acquired outside the confines of the law and ultimately, personnel frustration. This case is being exemplified by New York Police Department officers who are having their evidence acquired through stop and frisk being challenged and declared inadmissible in the court of law, on the account that stop and frisk is

Sex trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Sex trafficking - Research Paper Example With the famine of 1871 in northern China, he sells off Lalu to a brothel and later to a slave merchant travelling to America. This was the turning point in the life of the young girl. This novel guides on this discussion on sex trafficking, giving leads on how victims get lured and evaluating possible solutions in the light of the findings. Indeed, sex trafficking is a solvable act of inhumanity. In this early society, sex trafficking was widely spread across the board. Not even were children spared as Li, the sex trafficker in the novel, traffics children together with her other victims. This comes to light when she quarrels Lalu for not getting the fraudulent customs clearing procedures right, claiming that â€Å"Even children: some of them are only ten, eleven years old. Children† were much better than she was (Gold 95). The cultural beliefs that treated women as objects meant for the pleasure of men, who were believed to have the sole rights to working. This therefore meant that women could be used however men would like to have their pleasure fulfilled. Comparably, Moser (226) cites the US Department of Health and Human Services documenting sex trafficking as the second largest and fastest criminal industry worldwide. Women and children still comprise the majority of victims at about 80%, with two million children estimated to be in the commercial sex trade. Borrowing statistics from the United Nations, the researcher further estimates the market value for this crime at over $32 billion. Before the year 2000, sex trafficking was not prosecuted as a crime in itself but under other crimes such as promotion of prostitution. This points out at the society’s rigidity to appreciating women as an equal gender to their male counterparts. They still considered a woman as an object who should not â€Å"work like a man, a laborer† so that they can pass as marriage-compliant (Gold 356). Having pointed out that sex trafficking still remains

Venture capital investment decisions and frameworks Dissertation

Venture capital investment decisions and frameworks - Dissertation Example This dissertation has developed a real options framework on the propensity to make CVC investments. CVC investments are viewed as containing a series of real options. The initial investment opportunity is analogous to a call option to invest. Upon exercising the call option, the investing firm acquires at least two additional real options: the abandonment option in adverse market conditions and growth options in favorable market conditions. The dissertation proposes that established firms' propensity to make CVC investments are influenced by the factors that determine the economic value of the real options embedded in CVC projects. These options value drivers include uncertainty, irreversibility, growth potential and competition. This dissertation finds strong empirical support for the real options view of CVC investment decisions. In addition, since real options are created and exercised through managerial discretion that is enabled and constrained by firm-level resources and capabi lities, this dissertation also examines how firm-level heterogeneity in resources and capabilities influence the economic value of real options and CVC investment propensity. In particular, this dissertation focuses on how resource base diversity may enhance the value of growth options and help with timely abandonment and efficient switching. The empirical analysis provides evidence for the positive effects of R&D and related knowledge base on CVC investment propensity, but does not find any statistically significant positive effect of resource base diversity on CVC investment propensity.

Business and Political Trends in Japan and China Research Paper

Business and Political Trends in Japan and China - Research Paper Example   Among the biggest complaints that Japan’s trading partners have made over the years is that its domestic market is not as competitive as it should be. This assertion has been found to be true especially when one considers that the Japanese government is partly responsible for this lack of competition within its market. The Japanese government has adopted such hindering policies as the imposition of high tariffs as well as heavy regulations which have ensured that it is extremely difficult for other countries to conduct business within Japan (Mito & Sakurada, 2003). In addition, the extremely concentrated nature of the Japanese market has led to a situation where it is very difficult for companies from other countries to place their products within it which can effectively compete with domestic products; a factor which is essentially discouraging for foreign investors. It is mainly because of the abovementioned situations that it has become necessary for the Japanese govern ment to put in place those policies which not only encourage the deregulation of its markets but also works towards the development of stronger antitrust laws that aid all the businesses that operate within its economy. While it has been argued that the Japanese market is concentrated, this situation has come to be alleviated over the years as it has been reported that when compared to the market of the United States, the Japanese market has become less concentrated while that of the latter has essentially remained the same.   

Contemporary management issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary management issues - Essay Example In addition, the rapidly altering conjugal as well as worldwide environment augmented the call for associations in addition to their managers to uncover fresh ways to take action in order to uphold plus boost their performance. One of these novel strategies has been the increasing use of worldwide outsourcing of information technology, services, as well as manufacturing works to countries abroad in order to trim down the working costs that have shown the way to the loss of millions of jobs within the United States along with the panorama of additional major job losses. Also, to amplify their worldwide competitiveness, there has been increasing pressure on managers to put together new-fangled information technology into each and every one of the features of organizations processes to perk up the elements of efficiency as well as client receptiveness. As a final point, the growing multiplicity of the worldwide workforce has made it very important for managers to appreciate how with why public diverges, so that they can efficiently administer in addition to harvesting the remuneration of diversity. The responsibilities that managers have got to carry out professionally as well as successfully have become more compound and demanding than ever before.( George , 2007) The Challenges for Management in a Global Environment For the reason that the world has been varying more speedily than ever before, the managers along with other employees all the way through an association have got to achieve at higher as well as senior levels. Within the last 20 years, antagonism among associations contending nationally (inside the same country) as well as internationally (within countries overseas) has augmented noticeably. The increase of international organizations, organizations that function as well as struggle within more than one country, have put stern pressure on many other associations to progress their performance as well as to recognize better ways To use their resources. The accomplishment of the German chemical companies Schering in addition to Hoechst, Italian furniture producer Natuzzi, Korean electronics companies Samsung and LG, Brazilian plane maker Embraer, in addition to Europe's Airbus Industries are laying pressure on association within other countries to hoist their echelon of performance to contend productively with these international companies. Even in the not-for-profit sector, international antagonism is provocative change. Schools, universities, police forces, in addition to government agencies are re-examining their processes because of looking at the way things are done in other countries. For example, many curriculum and teaching changes in the United States have resulted from the study of methods that Japanese and European school systems use. Similarly, European and Asian hospital systems have learned much from the U.S. system-which may be the most effective, though not the most efficient, in the world. Today, managers who make no attempt to learn and adapt to adjustments within the international environment find themselves respond rather than innovating, and their organizations often become uncompetitive and fail.53

International JournalismThe Representation of China in British Essay

International JournalismThe Representation of China in British National Newspaper - Essay Example Recently there was coverage of mobile killer squads in China, which horrified Western readers. It is important to research on how the human day-today activities of the country are represented in British media. British Newspaper covering China had been very inadequate. Whatever is presented is done from the blind point, where one cannot see beyond a certain spot. Sometimes noticeable amount of repetition mars the reporting, perhaps due to non-availability of fresh news. Uncritical elements without considerable evidence, hesitancy in reporting due to lack of complete knowledge of events occur. Kind of highly Western-Centric articles too are seen. Inevitability of acceptance (after all it is China, cannot get more than this) plagues; in-depth analysis is missing, also uncritical discussion because of lack of resources and evidences and proofs persists. British media represents not only the vulnerability of international journalism in China, but also its helplessness. A breathless narration as though on the brink of a disaster, where the journalist might be thrown out or snuffed out kind of hurried, considerably less critical coverage has always been the coverage character. Today, it is the era of online global voices from every remote corner of the world, other than those few countries where autocratic rule still prevails. China's image in the West had been very negative in the 19th century, and even in 20th it did not improve much. It did improve for some time when China had Sun-Yat-Sen, but plummeted down immediately during the Communist take over. British as well as other Western media, had effectively shut their eyes to Mao's China, and China was playing truant, like a powerful bully and only such matters were reported in Britain. It was almost impossible for the British or any other media to have a peep into the forbidden country and this suited Communists, because their internal persecutions and ruthless handling of Tibetan revolts have gone unnoticed by the world. During Cold War, Western media had the preoccupation of Soviet Russia and hardly spared a glance towards China, the weaker link in Communist chain. China thrived in isolation and world ignorance. Slowly some visual documentaries were prepared on the peripheral issues of China, that could be aired in other countries, like success of com munism, million flowers blooming under Mao, flourishing red revolution. Also some information about cultural glorification oozed out into the western newspapers. "Buddhism, Christianity and Marxism, Western literature and philosophy did not come to China, and Daoism, Confucianism and Chinese literature did not come to the West by means of cultural diplomacy, but they do form an essential part of cultural relations," http://journals.cambridge.org/download.phpfile=%2FCQY%2FCQY169%2FS0009443902000116a.pdf&code=0ce4594f66b5930708c095f29250a990 Still we are unaware about modernisation and modernity is taking place in China, as all mouthpieces are totally gagged. Total internet is not allowed, even though according to some researchers whatever is allowed

Cultural Artifact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural Artifact - Essay Example Both of the abovementioned countries have Muslim population in abundance (Murayama and Murayama pp.75). The Muslims on the other hand, constitute more than half of the total workforce of the entire world. The cultural and normative outlook of Muslims is significantly different and divergent from the population of developed nations. The culture of South Asia is strictly based on collectivism while, the individuals are bounded to fulfill the expectations of others. The code of honor is severely rigid when it comes to dealing with the females. The companies that are operating in the featured part of the world are strongly suggested to uphold cultural realities by modifying their practices (Stern 120). The companies are required to hire the male professionals for the leading jobs whereas; the females’ participation should be kept limited to subordination. The people of South Asia are not accustomed to seeing a female as a leader and therefore, she will not be able to exercise cont rol and assertiveness that are essence of leadership. The basic and fundamental purpose of this study is to highlight and advocate the role and value of hijab in the aforementioned cultures and societies. In short, hijab is the license for females to work. The senior citizens of the area need their girls to be covered before leaving the homes. The instrument of hijab is the essence of providing freedom to the females. Additionally, it is important to note that hijab has served as a means for supporting female participation in the societies. The male population was outnumbered and outgunned by the available corporate opportunities in the form of foreign production facilities. The Islamic scholars were contacted and asked to help stimulate the societal and corporate participation of females (Spivak pp.261). The move was a strategic one as it was designed to increase professional and labor supply. The Islamic scholars of the area had conducted a detailed research and found that Prophet Mohammad requested females to play a supportive role in the battles. The females at that time were responsible for taking care of the injured. This event provided the Islamic scholars with a vital argument that they have used to convince people that Islam permits females to participate in the society. However, the core Islamic order that requires females to cover themselves while getting out of their homes created a conflict in conventional religious scholars and modern ones. The debate carried out for number of years before it is observed that Iranian females use scarf in order to cover themselves. The scarf is the ultimate source of engaging females in the society. The use of scarf bridged the conflict and then, both schools of thought agreed upon that a female wearing a scarf meets the minimum hijab requirement and therefore, it is acceptable for the females to wear scarf that helps them in covering their hair and breasts. According to psychology males are attracted to femalesâ €™ physical attributes such as breasts and hair (Chew-Graham, Bashir and Chantler pp. 336). The Islamic law purposely ordered the females to take concrete measures towards ensuring that their sexual centers are appropriately covered before they leave for work. The females are known to wear gowns on the streets. They prefer to wear scarf in the offices. The scarf is a piece of cloth weaved in such a way that it assists females in covering their

Profile of A Place of Work or Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Profile of A Place of Work or Community - Essay Example Our neighbourhood is a small part of not more than 10,000 residents. Compared to the overall city, the locality that I live in a quiet borough with mostly residential complexes making up for the most part of the area. The locality has a post office and a police station of its own along with a hospital. Thus it is a self-sufficient neighbourhood with the necessary facilities for provisions and the like. The locality is ethnically diverse with a liberal mix of different communities and races. It also has places of worship for the different communities and there are enough facilities for all the residents. In the next section, we look at the ethnic mix of the population along with the demographic characteristics. Further, we will also look at the social and economic characteristics of the population in the locality. The locality is made up of a diverse mix of ethnic races. It counts Christians, Muslims and Hindus among its populace and the relative compositions of the three races are ro ughly in the proportion of 40%, 40% and 20%. Both Muslims and Christians are equal in number and the Hindus make up the rest. It is noteworthy that despite the locality being ethnically diverse, the communities live in relative peace with each other. Despite the daily gatherings of the communities in the places of economic activity, it is by and large a peaceful co-existence of the people with their neighbours. Recently, there have been some attempts to disturb the peace of the area by disgruntled elements and this was successfully thwarted due to the timely action of the citizen committees set up by the people in the neighbourhood. The presence of community elders in the neighbourhood adds to the sense of peace and calm and the youth who otherwise might be tempted to take up activities inimical to the peace of the community are counselled to not to do anything harmful to the locality.

The Way of the Shepherd Essay Example for Free

The Way of the Shepherd Essay Regulatory Bodies Checkpoint Basically, a regulatory body is a tiered system put in place to protect investors and banks from cons and scams. It helps to prevent fraud and punishes offenders for things such as insider trading. At the top of this regulatory structure is the United States Congress which is itself the in charge of the SEC or Securities Exchange Commission, this body puts regulations and laws in place which banks, brokers, investors and the Marketplace must abide by, it also oversees all operations and releases quarterly and annual reports on the health and direction of the market and conomy. Next is the NASD or the National Association of Securities Dealers, this is the body that makes policy for the industry i. e. , stockbrokers and industry professionals must abide by and comply with. Last is regulation on the state level is the state security regulators which also handles complaints and enforces laws and finally the individual brokers and investors. The market is set up is a buyer beware system, though there is a fair amount of safety measures in place. Individuals should maintain an air of personal responsibility when investing and educate themselves; his is the biggest regulatory safety practice of them all. The laws are mainly in place to protect the banks not the individual. It is important to have these institutional organizations in place to keep the market honest or else it could be a free for all. Though I have learned that investing in stocks and bonds is a risky business and should not be a hobby for the inexperienced, much money can be lost in the blink of an eye and only money that one can afford to lose should be invested. The Way of the Shepherd By maweex Lloyd G. Hernandez MA 302 Two thumbs up for this wonderfully written book. This is a guide not Just for wannabe managers but for everyone: down from students to ordinary people. This is I think could be a guide for a better way to live and interact with people around us. I really had a very good time reading the book and will be reading this one over and over again. The book is very easy to understand. The summary of the book will lead to the 7 Principles of the Way of the Shepherd: 1 . Know the Condition of Your Flock In here the book suggested that to be an effective leader/manager, it is elementary to know the condition of your people and the status of their work. You get o know them one by one and regularly talk to them. You should always be open to what they say and often ask them on the status of their work and even their life if they want to talk about it. 2. Discover the Shape of Your Sheep The 2nd principle teaches us that it is a leader/managers prerogative to choose the right staff/people for his group. A manager has all the chance to take in good people and let go of those who are not fit and undoubtedly very hard to manage to make flock management easier. 3. Help Your Sheep Identify with You The 3rd principle teaches us that an effective leader must always ask from is people the best from them but at the same time showing them that you also is giving the best you can offer. A leader should be a good example not Just in words but also in actions. A good manager always reminds their people that without them they cannot do anything. A manager sets good example and does this with compassion because according to the author, great leadership isnt Just professional; its personal. 4. Make Your Pasture a Safe Place The 4th principle suggests that a leader/manager should always see to it that their people are in good hands. Always feed them information either bad or good. It is important that they hear it from their leader first rather than from others mouth. A leader should treat equal importance to all employees of whatever position they handle and is ready to remove someone who might cause disaster to the group. A good leader is someone who is visible to their people most of the times and is regularly rotating their people for them to be able to mentally enhanced their 5. The Staff of Direction The 5th principle teaches us that to become a good leader/manager, directing people with persuasion rather than coercion is very essential. A good leader ives freedom to their men but always instill in their minds the boundaries and limits to where there freedom is only up to. A good leader gets in the way when their people gets in trouble and reminds them that failure isnt fatal after all. 6. The Rod of Correction The 6th principle teaches us that to be a good leader/manager it should always be in a leaders mind and heart to Protect, Correct and inspect their men. A good leader fghts for their men against attacks from other men but corrects them privately if they found it that it was their mens fault. An efficient leader also sees to it hat he knows the progress of their men and how they are doing in their works. . The Heart of the Shepherd The last principle could probably be the very important. The author suggested that great leadership is a lifestyle, not a technique. Great leadership always involves the heart of the leader/manager. A great leader always sees to it that what he asks from their men are for everyones good. A good leader asks for something that is Just appropriate for the team. A good leader uses his heart to guide the people around him and makes sure that they are all in good position at all times.

Fashion work Essay Example for Free

Fashion work Essay During last February 2009 F/W New York fashion week, I had met uncountable number of people and cultures but on reflection, all the memories have been torn apart. Probably     because of my bad memory but I also was drunk on my cold medication. The last day when Ralph Lauren collection was on, that morning was even harder than others. When I was in agony between leaving the room or not, I remember that Korean PR manager told me about that Ralph Lauren wanted to say hi to Korean press people that time. Finally, I got into my clothes like a dying snail and got to the collection place right before the show started. While I was actually put opposite with his runway, I   Ã‚  envy   Ã‚  his talent and time which allows him to keep changes the way he wants. If any one can be like him, growing older may not be such a bad idea. After the show, Ralph Lauren waves his hand to people and literally all the people stood up to give him applause. Ralph Lauren, wearing white shirts with definite Ralph Lauren vest worn with vintage looking casual pants, was a lot order but better than the one that I used to remember. Like he was proving, that style is not something you try, it is something you live with. His face and style flows together like a story. After almost all people have left, he was walking up to Korean presses with kind smile on his face. Then, he gave a handshake with each and every one of us. I don’t remember what exactly we’ve talked about but I certainly remember how soft his hand was. It was hard to believe that he 40 years of Ralph Lauren has passed that hand. Just because I’ve met the fashion legend Ralph Lauren my self, my choice of that morning was very smart. If we go back 40 years of his life, how would young Ralph Lauren be? Passionate fashion issue maker just like the Marc Jacobs or Alexander Wang now days? If we fast forward the video of last 40 years of Ralph Lauren, the base is as same as current Ralph Lauren. â€Å"When I was young, I saw a pair of beautiful blue suede shoes every day on my way to school. Of course I didn’t have money to buy that right away so I waited to my birthday and I’ve got it. As time goes by, I became an adult but my mind is still just like a boy who wants something from the show window. It is only that something is not a suede shoes any more, but excitements about wanting and expecting something is still same like the old days to me.† It doesn’t matter if the style is pastoral or modern, whether the inspiration is African or American; his pursuing images are always same. American style elegant woman from natural family of America. The only unreal thing is that there is no sadness and/or poverty. The reason why even his design does not board us even when they present above and beyond the time frame is that Ralph Lauren’s women are arranged in classic discrepancy as wearing safari jacket on top of beaded dresses or wearing motor cycle jacket with diamond earring. As a start, he launched neck tie business in 1967. As he launched his premium men’s wear in 1968, Ralph Lauren genuinely started to grow as a company. Now, Ralph Lauren has lines of women’s wears, children’s wears, accessories, home furnishing and perfume. Those lines are ‘Polo by Ralph Lauren’, ‘Ralph Lauren Purple label’, ‘Ralph Lauren Collection’, ‘Black Label’, ‘Blue Label’, ‘Lauren by Ralph Lauren’, ‘Polo jeans Co,.’. ‘RRL’, ‘RXL’, ‘Rugby’, ‘Ralph Lauren childrens’ wear’, ‘American living’, ‘Chaps’, ‘Club Monaco’ etc†¦ Him, who never studied in design, quit school and worked for Necktie Company. His co-worker’s mind and style was ordinary. But, he wore custom jacket that has huge collar and side spread. He liked to create his own style. And when he first built his own tie company, he did not make famous narrowed tie but made wide spread tie which would look great on stylish people like Duke Windsor from 1930’s magazine and/or movies. â€Å"We label the neck tie our selves to the nick tie I’ve designed with my wife Ricky and her parents. That label called Polo and that was our start.† His necktie became the must-have items to raise men’s integrity. Based on his necktie, he launched men’s wear brand name ‘Polo by Ralph Lauren’ to show the entire look of American’s classical style with chic European tailoring. â€Å"I like the I.V. league look. That is comfortable and traditional. When I started to design men’s wear I used classic items like navy blazer, wrap tie, saddle shoes. Old schools for instance the likes of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton inspire me all the time.† Along the way, Ricky was the biggest reason for him to be interested in design women’s wear. Ricky is the traditional English style woman who is his partner of life and biggest inspiration of creative ideas.

Developing a Sustained Drug Delivery System

Developing a Sustained Drug Delivery System 1. INTRODUCTION In last few years, Formulations that are able to extend the release of drug have become an integral part of Pharmaceutical research. It is a centre of exploration due to its many benefits over conventional dosage form. Sustained drug delivery system was aimed to release the medication in a prolonged rate. The basic concept of the sustained release dosage form development is to reduce the frequency of dosage administration, to reduce the fluctuations of drug in the plasma by maintain plasma drug level1 thus improves. Various expressions such as sustained-release ,controlled-release, prolonged-action and repeat action have also been used to describe.. Sustained release offers prolonged delivery of drugs and maintenain plasma levels within a therapeutic range, steady-state plasma levels can be maintained without oscillation2,3. The sustained level of the medication was obtained by controlling the plasma blood level and less frequent dosing4 (Lachman et al., 1987). 1.1 Matrix system is classified into 5 types based on Hydrophilic Matrix System and insoluble hydrophobic Inert Matrix system (6-8) 1.1.1 Hydrophobic Matrix tablet In this technique of sustained release from an oral dosage form the drug is mixed with an inert or hydrophobic polymer and then compressed into a tablet. The sustained release is obtained by dissolving drug and was diffused through a network of channels that exist between compacted polymer particles. The materials used as inert or hydrophobic matrices consist of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and ethyl cellulose and ammonia methacrylate copolymers. The rate controlling phase in these formulations is the solvent penetration into the matrix. The possible mechanism of drug release in the hydrophobic matrix tablet was by diffusion. Hydrophobic matrix tablet consist of porous and nonporous matrix systems. 1.1.2 Hydrophilic matrix tablets The drug molecules are combined with the polymer and erode slowly in body fluids. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose is commonly used polymer in the hydrophilic matrix tablets.It is a simple method and widely accepted due to its desirable global regulatory acceptance, cost effective, flexibility in drug release profile matching and ease of commercial scale-up. The different grades of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose were available for the design of sustained drug delivery system. The viscosity range of the Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose assist in the percentage release rate of drug release. The low viscosity range polymer cause increase in the drug release. The hydrophilic matrix system the mechanism of drug release occurs mainly by diffusion and erosion. In the hydrophilic matrix system the use of cellulosic polymer cause gel formation on the surface of polymer and cause tablet erosion with continuous release of drug. The polymers commonly used in the hydrophilic matrixes are classified into three categories. Cellulose derivatives- hydroxyethylcellulose, Methylcellulose, Hydroxy propylmethylcellulose grades like K4M, K100M, 5cPs, 15cPs and Sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Semi synthetic polymers- Modified starches, Alginates and Chitosan. Acrylic acid Polymers -Carbopol 934 1.1.3. Wax matrix tablets The drugs are embedded into lipid matrix by spray congealing in air and Wax-matrix tablet core consisting of semi-synthetic glycerides and blend congealing in an aqueous media. The congealing process use with or without the aid of surfactants, the wax matrix components are prepared from the blend of powdered ingredients. 1.1.4. Gum type matrix tablets In this type of matrix system the excipients produce gel like consistency in presence of water and the dispersion of the active drug of the tablet was maintained by gel barrier. For example xanthan gum and sodium alginate in water soluble polysaccharides used in gum type matrix systems. appropriate method depends on the properties of the drug, polymer and selection of other ingredients. Many statistical experiments are useful tool to develop sustained release formulation with an optimized formulation with an appropriate dissolution rate with a minimum number of trials. For this reason, a computer based optimization technique with a response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a polynomial equation and artificial neural network (ANN) has been widely used (Ghosh et al., 2008andBozic et al., 1997). 2.0  KINETICS OF DRUG RELEASE Various mathematical models utilized to interpret the mechanism of the drug release from ER dosage form, with the available dissolution data these release kinetics can be calculated using the model that best fit is selected based on the correlation coefficient (r) value in various models, which gives higher ‘r’ value is considered as the best fit of the release data. The following are the various Release kinetics Cumulative percentage drug released Vs time (In-Vitro drug release plots) Cumulative percentage drug released Vs Square root of time (Higuchi’s plots) Log cumulative percentage drug remaining Vs Time (First order plots) Log cumulative percentage drug released Vs log time (Peppas plots) Calculated regression coefficients for zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas. The best fit model with the highest correlation coefficient. Table No. 3. Analysis of diffusion release mechanisms Release exponent (n) Overall solute diffusion mechanism 0.5 Fickian diffusion 0.5 Non-Fickian diffusion 1.0 Case II transport n > 1.0 Super Case II transport Zero order release is calculated from the following equation Qt = Q0 + K0 t where Q0 = initial amount of drug Qt = cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† K0 = zero order release constant t = time in hours It describes the systems where the drug release rate is independent of its concentration of the dissolved substance. The first order release equation is calculated from the following equation Log Qt = Log Q0+ Kt /2.303 where Q0 = initial amount of drug Qt = cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† K = first order release constant t = time in hours Here, the drug release rate depends on its concentration The Hixson Crowell release is calculated from the following equation is Where Q0 = Initial amount of drug Qt = Cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† KHC = Hixson crowell release constant t = Time in hours. It describes the drug releases by dissolution and with the changes in surface area and diameter of the particles or tablets A linear plot of the cube root of the initial concentration minus the cube root of percent remaining versus time in hours for the dissolution data in accordance with the Hixson-crowell equation. The Higuchi release is calculated from the following equation Q=KHt1/2 where Q = cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† KH = Higuchi constant t = time in hours The Higuchi equation suggests that the drug release by diffusion. A graph is plotted between the square root of time taken on x-axis and the cumulative percentage of drug release on y-axis and it gives a straight line. Korsmeyer – peppas equation is F = (Mt /M ) = Kmtn Where F = Fraction of drug released at time ‘t’ Mt = Amount of drug released at time ‘t’ M = Total amount of drug in dosage form Km = Kinetic constant n = Diffusion or release exponent t = Time in hours An optimal experimental formulation was compared with the original product, in order to compare the profile of the in vitro release of the drug. 3.0  BIOAVAILABILITY STUDY: Stabilitytesting of Drug products conducted as per ICH conditions the formulations which are stable up to 6M 40 °C/75% RH and 25 °C/60% considered as stable formula taken up for in vivo absorption study. In current scenario in vitro and in vivo performance of the dosage forms is essential part of Product development. The FDA guidelines respecting the IVIVC method evaluation used to set dissolution specifications; which can be applied for surrogate for in vivo bioequivalence for certain pre- or post approval changes, such as Equipment, facility or Manufacturing process changes and minimizes the bioavailability or bioequivalence study after the formulation design optimization The ultimate aim of IVIVC is to select the suitable dissolution method of in vivo absorption of the test compound. In IR tablets the release is more rapid in ER, the excipients also having bio pharmaceutical activity and controls the release within the body. Generally HPMC matrices are biocompatible and do not have enzyme degradation by gastric fluids. For Biovailability study the following Pharmacokinetic parameters to be studied they are Tmax, Cmax and AUC can be evaluated via Plasma or Urine data. Pharmacokinetic assessment the plasma drug concentrations determined by HPLC analysis. Drug extracted from plasma sample by liquid-liquid extraction method, To study the rate and extent of absorption of Cilostazol and Etodolac extended release matrix tablets 100 with that of 100 mg reference(R) conventional marketed formulations and IR tablets The research study was performed in rabbit model to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and then for IVIVC studies. The simple HPLC method used to evaluate to determine the drug content in plasma, the in-vitro studies shows the release pattern is slow first order, For Cilostazol the overall Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, Kel and T1/2 were completely different between both test and reference formulation (IR). Therefore the prepared formulation was releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time In case of Etodolac the Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, Kel and T1/2 were completely comparable with the reference product; therefore the prepared formulation was releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time and bioequivalent with reference product.

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

Computer Crime has become a very large issue in our society today; this paper will look at this issue from a sociological perspective. It will analyze the various crimes that make up computer crime and see what changes it has brought about in the world in which we live in. Computer crime first is a very new problem in our society today and it is crimes that are committed from a computer. These include embezzling, breaking into other computers, cyber porn and various other crimes that have a drastic affect on the society and the institutions that each of us hold to keep our global society running. To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, â€Å"crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions†(Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has really no laws to govern it. A law is formal norms that are enforced, norms being established rules of behavior. Many of the crimes committed on computers often times go unpunished. As stated by David Pitchford in the London journal Focus when writing on pornography on the Internet, â€Å" the only way illegal pornographers can be caught is through chance leads, tip-offs and telephone tracing† (Focus 1995; p10-12). Many of the crimes that are also committed on computers via the Internet are very new also. New subcultures have formed around the Internet for the possibilities it brings. Computer crime despite the many problems it has brought has also brought some needed social controls to the Inter net and as stated before some laws have been formed to protect many of the institutions that because of computer crime have become targets for criminals. Now that I have briefly explained computer crime, I will go into further depth into explaining computer crime from the different sociological perspective theories. To start with is the integrationist perspective looks at of society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups† (Kendall; 17). Many of those that commit computer crimes are hackers or people who hack into computer systems for both fun and for gaining access to information. They have formed their own subcultures and hold many different beliefs about the information that is stored in personal computers. Said best by J. Thomas McEwen in the article Computer Ethics many hackers believe that â€Å"computerized data [is] free and should be accessible to anyone (McEwen 1991; 8-11).

Reading Comic Books Essay -- Literary Analysis, Maus, Holocaust

When students learn how to read in elementary school, teachers would teach students how to read comic books and as students we see that the comics would give the animals multiple human traits. Many comic books substitute animals and give them human-like characteristics, such as the ability to talk and walk upright. However, the debate rages on as to what type of animal makes a good character and what type of animal makes a bad character. Comic writers would often use different types of animals that are naturally seen in the real world and they would determine what type of role they would have in the comic book. Also the cartoonist would determine who should prevail, who should not, and their emotions towards one another. In the book called Maus by Art Spiegelman, it tells the story about a mouse named Valdek Spiegelman, who is a Holocaust survivor, and his son Artie. Artie writes a book on his father and the terrifying experience he dealt with when surviving the Holocaust. The book uses animals instead of human characters. The book has three main types of animals that each symbolizes the different cultures during the Holocaust. The Jews are symbolized as mice, the Nazi Germans as cats, and the Poles as pigs. The reason why Spiegelman uses animals instead of humans is because he wants to give the reader a better understanding of what type of animal symbolizes the different types of social classes that are being address. The power hungry Nazis are symbolized as cats because of a cat’s constant starvation and tend to be stronger compared to mice and pigs. The Jews are symbolized as mice to show how weak they were and how they were treated during World War II. Spiegelman puts a focus on the mice and the struggle that Vladek went thr... ...he way Ripley talks about comics and animals is how humans have similar traits as animals and act like animals. The traits that come out in some humans are the â€Å"Biology in one personality, the geography location of where one lives, and the facts about one person and how they express it?† This would explain one interpretation of having animals in comics and explains how humans tend to act more like animals. Many different comics have animals in the short stories and interpret the animals in many different ways. Some comics illustrate animals more as simple creatures that are shy and away from humans. Other comics write about animals and how they are treated more like humans with horrible characteristics. It is important to have an understanding of the animal and how it interacts in nature to be able to compare it to a human in a short story comic.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Hamlet, the Melancholy

Hamlet, the Melancholy Hero  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The reader/viewer finds in Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet that the protagonist is a melancholy type; this quality remains with him from beginning to end of the tragedy. And this melancholy hero will be the subject-matter of this essay.    Harry Levin explains in the General Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare how the dramatist employs imagery in the play to enhance the melancholic dimension of the hero:    The sphere of Shakespeare’s images is so vast and rich in itself that it has been investigated and charted for clues to his personal temperament. But though we can follow up associations of thought through his image-clusters, these are subordinated to his controlling purposes as a playwright. The imagery fulfills a structural and a thematic function, linking together a train of ideas or projecting a scheme of values. It enhances the strain of melancholy in Hamlet by dwelling on sickness and decay. . . (14).    The depressing aspect of the initial imagery of the drama is described by Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet†:    The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father (35).    Horatio and Marcellus exit the ghost-ridden ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet. The prince is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father. There is ... ...999. Rpt. from Introduction to Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip Edwards. N. P.: Cambridge University P., 1985.    Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Mack, Maynard. â€Å"The World of Hamlet.† Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York: Oxford University P., 1967.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.         

Islamic Studies †Death and Disease Essay

Death and disease occur all around us; they are universal human experiences. Muslims look upon death as a transitional phase between this life and the next. Since ‘the enjoyment of the present life is but little as compared with the hereafter’ a true Muslim shall not fear death. Death and disease are both necessary methods of biological control, without which problems such as overpopulation would be widespread. They also allow us to appreciate life and good health respectively, without which our society is likely to take a lot more for granted. The classic theistic view of this life being a test by God is one upheld by Muslims. In perspective of this, disease is principally viewed as one of the ways of carrying out this test – the ultimate reward for which being paradise. A practical utopia in which there is no suffering would lead to a world of automata; one in which our freedom would be undermined and thus nullifying the test for which we were placed on earth. Those of us who abuse this freedom and live for this life alone shall be punished by Allah, some remaining in hell for eternity. This can be seen by some to conflict with God’s mercy as it may seem harsh, however Muslims take the view that it is necessary so as to differentiate fully between good and evil, awarding each only what they deserve. Disease can be one of the means of coming to death and is an experience that comes to us all. It can be seen to have several purposes depending on the circumstances. The following verse illustrates Muslim’s views on life being a test: â€Å"He who has created death and life that he might try you-which of you is best in deeds.† In order to be tested we must undergo hardship- disease being one example. Those with patience and who affirm their faith whilst saying as all who are suffering should: â€Å"Surely to Allah we belong and to Him shall we return† are those who will have succeeded in the test. Those who blame Allah and result in blasphemy or kufr are those who will have failed. This test is essential as it allows differentiation between the latter and the former. The word test in Arabic can also mean misfortune, an example of which being disease, which has other purposes besides being a test. Yet only Allah is able to assess these purposes and thus we are only able to make generalised comments. For the believer, disease or more generally misfortune is a bounty from Allah as it can be a means of purification of sins and also enduring disease increases our reward. The prophet was reported to have said: ‘You are not a believer until you see misfortune to be a bounty and good fortune to be undesirable’ This is because many of those who are given the ‘illusory’ pleasures of this life stray from the right path, for as we know ‘power corrupts.’ All misfortune to believers is of benefit. A Muslim scholar was reported to have said. â€Å"God did not cause disease upon a Muslim in this life but that it will be of benefit to him.† Thus it is common that Allah gives Muslims the most misfortune, they are suffering from disease in all parts of the world- yet it shall be of benefit to them. Yet why are those non-believers not usually tested equally? It is because they have already failed in their test- Satan needs not spend time with those who are already corrupt. The Prophet peace be upon him was reported to have said: â€Å"The greater Allah’s love for a person the harder is his test† Thus there is a hierarchy of misfortune, the greatest being upon the greatest of us, notably the prophets. Yet for the disbeliever the hereafter begins to manifest itself in this life. Disease can be seen as a just punishment brought upon by themselves: â€Å"And whatever misfortune befalls you, is due to what your own hands have wrought† A contemporary example of this being the sexually transmitted diseases present in today’s ever-increasing promiscuous society. Surely AIDS and the like of it were brought about by ‘their own hands’? However, the above verse does not apply to true Muslims as the following explains: When Ali, son of Hussein-the grandson of the Prophet, was taken to Yazid to be tortured by him, Yazid said â€Å"And whatever misfortune†¦.hands† Ali replied, â€Å"This verse is not concerning us (me), that which is regarding us is ‘There befalls no misfortune either in the earth or in your own persons, but it is recorded in a Book before We bring it into being’ † Thus Muslims are expected to be patient and to endure disease. Islam has taken various measures to help those with disease. The Quran rightly says, â€Å"There is no inconvenience for the sick.† This is reflected in the fact that those who are ill do not need to fast, those who have a bad leg may sit whilst praying and many other examples. Others with disease should be treated with sympathy, compassion and kindness. Yet the disease of physiological bearing is insignificant when compared with the misfortune that is the spiritual disease. Those who are ‘ill’ from within are thus also suffering from disease, yet their disease is one of choice. The Quran describes those who are spiritually sick in the following way: â€Å"In their hearts was a disease, and Allah has increased their disease.† Death is an experience that all of us will go through, as Allah reiterates in the holy Qur’an on three separate occasions: â€Å"Every soul shall taste of death† Muslims believe that every person on earth is given a specific time in which to live, thus ‘no person can die except by Allah’s leave- a decree with a fixed term.’ With this in mind, Muslims should not fear the future. If a person’s time has come, there is no evading Azrai’l, the angel of death: â€Å"Say, ‘If you had remained in your homes, surely those who on whom death had been enjoined would have gone forth to their deathbeds.† With the belief that our lives are not our own possessions and that only Allah has the right to take life from us, homicide, suicide and euthanasia are forbidden in Islam. Also, excessive mourning and lavish graves are also forbidden. Yet how can Muslims believe in life after death? Is it possible that after decaying in the earth we can be brought back to life? There are many ways in which this belief may be justified. One way takes the form of an experimental argument entirely based on physical research, John Hick suggests that â€Å"even if we discount the entire range of physical phenomena it remains true that the best cases of trance utterance are puzzling, and taken at face value are indicative of survival and communication after death.â €  There are also countless philosophical arguments notably in Plato’s Phaedo or in the works of Socrates that may also account for the practicability of resurrection. Yet the argument presented in the Quran, in my opinion, is the most direct and feasible. The argument put forward in surat Yasin is self-explanatory: â€Å"Does not man see that We have created him from a mere sperm drop? Yet lo! He is an open quarreller†¦. He says ‘Who can resurrect the bones when they are decayed?† Say, ‘He who created them the first time will resurrect them†¦ Verily his command when he intends a thing is only that He says to it, ‘Be’ and it is.† Death signifies the end of our worldly life. It is the parting of the material and non- material forms; the body and the soul. The soul, or al-Nafs, differentiates man from the rest of creation, constituting humans to be the ‘crown’ of Allah’s creation. Muslims believe that Allah only gi ves to us what is just, similarly our dying is a means of justice; for us and others. Death is a necessity and not just a reality, this is highlighted in the following hadith: Prophet Muhammad was reported to have said: â€Å"A tribe once approached the prophet of their time and said, ‘Pray to your Lord that death shall no longer be bestowed upon us. And so the prophet prayed and Allah no longer bestowed upon them death. As the years passed, the population grew until the houses became cramped and the generations many. Men were no longer able to go out and work as they spent their time feeding, washing and cleaning their parent, grand parents, great grand parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And so the tribe went back to their prophet and asked that he pray Allah return death and death was returned† Death can also be understood on different levels. Let us consider the following verse: â€Å"Only those who listen can accept. And as for the dead, Allah will raise them to life, then to Him shall they be brought back† Yet is not resurrection the same as being brought back to life? So why has Allah said that He ‘will raise them to life then to Him shall they be brought back.† The distinction here can be interpreted as meaning those who do not listen (to Allah), but are physically alive, are spiritually dead. Similarly those of whom one may think to be dead may also be alive: â€Å"Think not of those, who have been slain in the cause of Allah as dead. Nay they are living in the presence of their Lord and are granted gifts from him.† For the believer, death can be seen as a purification of his sins, it is the last pain that a pious Muslim shall endure, but for the non-believer it is the first of an eternity of suffering. One Muslim scholar stated that for the true believer, ‘Death is a journey from a prison to a palace’, as â€Å"the life of this world is nothing but an illusory enjoyment† . Yet death can also be seen as a mercy for non-believers: â€Å"Death signifies a rest for he who obeyed his desires in this life, for surely the longer he lived the greater would be his punishment.† From the countenance of the angel of death, Azra’il, one can tell where he shall reside. It is said that upon death we are shown our position in heaven or hell. For the believer the soul will depart easily, however the non-believer says ‘My Lord, send me back that I may do righteous deeds in the life that I have left behind’ and the soul departs in a struggle. Yet death is an irrevocable barrier. It is true that our souls leave our bodies every night when we are asleep, yet ‘He retains those against which he has decreed death, and sends back the others till an appoi nted time.’ And so after our death we are unable to acquire any more reward, except, as the Prophet Muhammad said, â€Å"From three things are we able to obtain reward after our death; A charity, knowledge given to others and noble offspring. At death we are in a transition state between this life and the hereafter, known as al- Barzakh. The Quran describes those in the ‘Barzakh’ as being Sakra or in a state of stupor. There they will be questioned as to what they did in this life. Punishment or reward starts in this state yet in a non-material form until the Day of Judgement where both body and soul will be resurrected. The practical implications of death to a Muslim are that he must realise that life has a purpose; the hereafter. And thus Muslims should use their time on this earth as efficiently as possible, aiming to fulfil this purpose before the toll of death is upon us. This is reiterated by all the pious men of Islam. The fourth caliph, Ali Ibn Abu Talib’s (peace be upon him) words should be adhered to by all: â€Å"Live for this life as if you are to live forever, and live for the hereafter as if you were to die tomorrow.† To make full use of these implications, death should be constantly in our minds. To fully understand why Allah allows his servants to suffer from disease, we may consider other views on this topic. The problem of suffering has lead many to disbelieve In Allah. There are three main classic theistic views on this matter. One approach taken by Christian Science, according to its founder himself is that ‘Sin, disease, whatever seems real to material sense is unreal.’ The argument being that suffering does not really exist. Another approach put forward by Swinburne and Hick focuses on the notion that all evil is punishment which is justly inflicted by god. Another view, according to Alvin Platinga says that all suffering comes from the abuse of free will. With regards to disease he proposes that non-human persons have caused us disease by abusing their freedom. Yet all three views can be seen to be flawed. The first view, probably is the most ridiculous of all, and yet even i f ‘one could rationally defend this odd conclusion†¦even if evil is an illusion, it is a painful one and it is therefore false that evil is nothing but an illusion.’ The second approach being that all disease or suffering is a just punishment from God can also be challenged. D.Z. Phillips asks, â€Å"What then are we to say of the child that is dying from cancer?,† surely this cannot be deserved. The third approach seems much more feasible, and has some grounds in Islam. But is disease caused by angels who come down to earth and wreak havoc due to their abuse of free-will? This view by Platinga is one that has no basis in Islam. Islam has provided us with a synthesis of these views. As stated before, for the non-believer it can be punishment, for the believer it can be a test of faith or a purification of sins. It is also true that a world without suffering would render our purpose of life null. Disease also serves to emphasise, through contrast, good health. Thus it allows us to appreciate our times of good health more. Eternal hell is mentioned several times in the Quran and Muslims thus believe that some people will go to hell for eternity. Yet it is seen that this does not contradict Allah’s mercy for several key reasons. Allah is the most merciful but only to those who actively go about seeking his mercy, for Allah only helps those who help themselves. One who disobeys Allah’s orders cannot be expected to be shown as much mercy as those who are good Muslims. And yet it is not as if Allah has left us without direction and guidance. Every man and woman instinctively knows the difference between right and wrong, there are enough signs leading to Allah for â€Å"those who think and reflect† and Allah has sent down many prophets and scriptures to guide mankind. Any deviation is thus out of man’s own arrogance and thus should be punished deservingly. Hell for the sinners is also justice to those who did good in life, for if those that lived for the pleasures of the worldly life too went to heaven this would be a grave injustice to the pious amongst us. As opposite’s, heaven and hell serve to emphasise each other. Thus the prospect of hell acts as a deterrent preventing many from doing wrong and thus making the world a better place. Socrates goes one step further claiming that heaven comes from hell, â€Å"opposites come from opposites in the case of things which have an opposite.† Although the words of Socrates seem somewhat extreme, taken in a less literal sense, what he says has bearing on all that which we have discussed; Death, disease and hell. We may ask our selves, would there be death without life? Or would there be disease without good health? Or would there be hell without heaven? All of which Allah has bestowed upon us creating a perfect natural balance. Bibliography An introduction to the philosophy of religion by Brian Davies Islam by Rosalyn Kendrick Islamic Teaching Course, volume one by the IPCI Meezan Al-Hikmah volume 1,4 and 5(in Arabic) by Mohammed Shahristany Plato’s Phaedo by Plato Philosophy of Religion by John Hick Summa Theologiae by Aquinas The translation of the Holy Quran by Yusuf Ali Holy Quran, 9;38 Holy Quran, 67;3 Holy Quran, 2;157 Holy Quran, 42;31 Holy Quran, 57;23 Holy Quran, 24;62 Holy Quran, 2;11 Holy Quran, 3;186, 21;36, 29;58 Holy Quran, 3;155 Hick, J., Philosophy of Religion, p128 Holy Quran, 36;78-83 Holy Quran, 6;37 Holy Quran, 3;170 Holy Quran, 3;186 Holy Quran, 23;100 Holy Quran, 39;43 Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, Ia, 13,5. Davies, B., An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 37 Ibid,37 Gallop (ed.), Plato’s Phaedo, 17ff

Greenland Glaciers and Global Warming Essay

Global modifying system, which is the increasing of the average temperature indoors the air near the Earths surface and the oceans, has caused the glaciers in Greenland to melt, causing the piss levels to rise and the clime to change. Global calefacient is an unfortunate offspring that is victorious give in numerous parts of the humans, alter bizarre and, in some instances, touched changes in the support. Global fond(p)ing has croak almost non drinking glassable in the pivotal fields, amongst the polar trashcaps, or in the more than(prenominal) than iced-oer regions of the world, such as in Greenland and the Atlantic Ocean.In fact, Greenland has become the most cat valium nation for quickly-dissolving glaciers, making it the most ill-famed for climate and defy changes throughout the world. It is awkward to connect weather changes to globular melt, though it has been proven that some more pronounced changes argon likely to come about, and in fact, alrea dy are. One of the most obvious changes involves an make up in precipitation, as healthy as changes in the average patterns of precipitation, which shadower lead to flooding and, in turn, drought.The ocean levels worldwide leave rise, and are salary increase, as the glaciers melt, which entrust cause Arctic shoplifting the shrinking of the Arctic region collectable to climate change. In time, this shrinkage could mayhap be seen in some other areas, including the Atlantic Ocean. Some other irreversible guesss embroil the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurri hatfules and tsunamis. With the continuously melt Greenland glaciers, these risks are more likely to go and these changes exit only become more obvious and the melting becomes more rapid.Jason Box, a professor at Ohio State and a global warming researcher, has noticed a rapid and unsettling change in the heart of glaciers in Greenland. In an interview in regards to the melting glaciers and global warming, Box say that we fly over the worlds fastest-deteriorating glacier and in 2003, we didnt even bed the place. It had doubled its speed (of shearing cancelled ice) and lost about 6 miles of comprehensiveness (Feran). Box goes on to state the worries that he feels about global warming, as come up as pointing out a svelte change to weather betideings around the world for instance, a snowstorm in an area that, despite being cold, has never seen such harsh weather. Box feels that this weather event can be linked at the same time with global warming from the Greenland region. In provided studies done by scientists and other global warming researchers, it has been discovered that a bulky portion of the Atlantic region is warming only when as much and just as fast as the respite of the world (Wilkinson).The scientists beat researched and discovered that the temperature has move up 2. 5 degrees in the past one-half century and that there has been a one hundr ed forty percent ice liberation within a decade. This has caused ice shelves to break up or disappear, exposing the glaciers behind them and speeding up the discharge of ice and fresh wet into the ocean (Wilkinson). In the article, Dr. Ian Allison of the Australian south-polar Division says that the activities taking place in the Atlantic are related to the rising of the air and water temperatures.Allison also verbalize that the melting of the Greenland glaciers are of the biggest concern, saying that its changes are even more noticeable than those of other regions. In Greenland, the rate of ice loss is getting greater over the locomote 10 yrs and the surface ice melt is definitely related to the warming. Allison, whos main focus is that of the Arctic and Atlantic regions, has been keeping close note on the melting glaciers, as easy as trying to compare them to changes that have been taking place with weather.The more ice that the Atlantic loses, as substantially as the e mbossment of the regions under the pressure of global warming, the more heat that comes back to it. When there is no ice to reflect the heat of the sun, the heat permeates through the water, causing the water to warm up even more. The heat is then spread to the remaining glaciers, which causes an almost eye mask effect, repeating itself until all that can happen is for the sea levels to rise. According to Alan Boyle, a accomplishment editor, Greenlands glaciers have been dumping ice into the Atlantic Ocean at a rate thats doubled over the past five years, as researchers have reported.Yet there are galore(postnominal) scientists and researchers that are not as discerning about the melting of the glaciers as others are they claim that Greenland has gone through warming before, but the heat had been followed by cool temperatures. Many of the researchers feel that the same subject is happening again. These scientists are not cut the possibility of global warming, but are wary to rule in Greenland as a current problem. Other scientists are against this, saying that Greenland has been warming up 2. 2 times faster than it has in prior years.Greenland is home to one of the worlds largest, and one of the most quickly dissolving, glacier, the Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier. The same glacier has gone from being completely un pitiable as of 1996 to flowing at a rate of fourteen kilometers a year by 2005 it is because of this that it is considered one of the fastest moving glaciers on the planet. It is also because of this, as well as Greenlands other quickly-melting glaciers, that will play a huge, unwanted theatrical role in the rising of the worlds sea levels (Biello).Greenland has become one of the biggest concerns of scientists, ascribable to the alarming rate that its glaciers are melting, as well as to the obvious increase in the temperature. Since Greenland is home to some of the most quickly melting glaciers, as well as to the worlds largest, it will be one of the main purveyors of climate and weather changes throughout the world. Bizarre changes in weather have already been noticed, with many another(prenominal) scientists blaming global warming on these changes. no matter of the fact that Greenland is in a region of its own, what is taking place with its glaciers can affect the entire world the weather will be the most pronouncedly changed. Horrific weather events will last longer than what is considered average, and they can take place in areas that would not normally see such conditions. kit and boodle Cited Biello, David. (17 Feb 2006. ) Greenlands glaciers Melting and on the move. scientific American. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=greenlands-glaciers-melti. Boyle, Alan. (16 Feb 2006.) Greenlands glaciers losing ice at faster rate. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/11385475/. Feran, Tim. (24 March 2009. ) Glacier process of monition us, OSU researcher says. The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. columbusdispatch. com/ cash in ones chips/content/life/stories/2009/03/24/2_NOVA_ICE. ART_ART_03-24-09_D5_9ADB1F1. hypertext markup language? sid=101. Wilkinson, Marian. (23 March 2009. ) The ice caps are in trouble. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. smh. com. au/ milieu/earth-hour/theice-caps-areintrouble-200