The Birth of the United States from the Colonies Essay

During the time period from 1765 to 1800, the government of the Colonies and eventually that of the United States, dealt with countless issues to create the system which governs the citizens of the United States today. Starting in 1765 with the passage of the Stamp Act by the British monarchy up to 1798 with the election of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1800 by the Colonial government, the aforesaid government, fought to rid itself of constant threats to the liberties and freedoms of the American people and the greater good as well as to preserve its intended purpose for as long as it is able. Political leaders such as Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton all had concerns about competing interests that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I can consent to no government, which, in my opinion is not calculated equally to preserve the rights of all orders of men in the community† (Document F). Prior to and through the Revolutionary War and the cre ation of the Union, along with the ideas of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, citizens of the colonies had no idea that it was possible to alter or abolish their government if, for any reason it overstepped the boundaries of its power. Under the British monarchy, the people of the colonies had no freedoms or say in much of their daily lives; everything they bought or consumed raised revenue for the British through excessive taxes and acts. For example, with the Stamp Act of 1765, all paper in the colonies from death certificates to newspapers was supposed to have a stamp on it to show that a tax had been paid, which raised revenue for a colonial army and also was the beginning of colonial resentment of British policies. After much protest to this act, the British Parliament put in place the Declaratory Act of 1766, which repealed the Stamp Act but also gave Parliament the full power to tax colonists in the future. After these acts came the Townshend Acts which imposed further taxes on goods like glass, paper, and tea; all products, the British knew, that would bring in considerable revenue because they were staples of colonial life. Then there was the issue of a privacy breach under the writs of assistance which allowed BritishShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Colonial Era929 Words   |  4 Pagesera was the beginnings of what was to become the United States of America. The transition from the Colonial period to what is now known as the United State came by way of the American Revolution. The American Revolution led to the birth of a nation which in turn led to its westward expansion. The westward expansion exposed internal conflicts, between the North and the South, eventually leading to the Civi l War. The development of America was birth through the merger of the Colonial era and the AmericanRead MoreThe Peopling of America Questions Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationship with the Indians like the people of Plymouth started out having, and if they did the Indians could have showed them how to take care of themselves. 2. Why did these individuals migrate to the New World? To have a fresh start away from England and all of their absurd laws and restrictions on religion. They were tired of living under the Church of England. 3. Describe their experiences in migrating to America. The ships were horrid and not many people survived the trip to theRead MoreThe Birth Of America Is Well, The Biggest And Greatest1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe birth of America is well, the biggest and greatest thing to ever happen to us. There are many things that led up to the 1865 era such as salutary neglect, the Constitution, the Louisiana Purchase, Manifest Destiny, and Slavery. Those are just a few things that America powered through to get where we are today. Our Forefathers attempted to rectify what some would consider harsh actions made by the kingdom of Britain in the mid 1700’s. The British didn’t take the American territoriesRead MoreThe American Revolution : A Significant Part Of American History1399 Words   |  6 Pagesall, it is the reason behind the birth of this great nation. The American Revolution took place between 1765 and 1783 during which the colonists in the thirteen American colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain and founded the the United States of America. By 1763 the crisis had begun to develop. John Adams was right when he wrote; â€Å"The revolution was in the minds of the people, and the union of of the colonies, before hostilities commenced. TheRead MoreFirst Fight : The Birth Of The Army1665 Words   |  7 PagesTO FIGHT: THE BIRTH OF THE ARMY USAACE NCOA SSG Bryan J. Lowney 15Z SLC 17-003 SFC Maradol â€Æ' Americans have had a sense of freedom and independence since before there was a United States of America. Americans have always believed in their way of life; they have been fighting for their way of life since before their country existed. The battles of Lexington and Concord happened during April of 1775. These military engagements were accomplished by the Massachusetts State militia; led,Read MoreThe Origins and Patterns of Development for the New World Essay example1096 Words   |  5 Pagestransatlantic trade, influenced the origins and patterns of development of North American societies in the colonial period. Trade affected the birth and development of the British colonies in America. In the case of the first colony, Virginia, trade was at the heart of its survival. When Virginia was first settled, it resulted in several failures. The first colony there, Roanoke, disappeared, after which Jamestown was founded. At its inception, because they were looking for gold and silver that didn’tRead MoreAmerican Immigration And The United States Essay782 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigration was sparse when the colonies were in time of conflict in the Revolutionary war. It was not until the late 1790s, Congress passed the first naturalization act.† (Horvat, 2006) During the 1700s many of the immigrants were from Christian background, The United states wanted to limit the number of drunks and the large majority of catholic decentness who refuses to assimilate since they just increased poverty levels and stole American jobs. So the united states began to limit the amount of shipsRead MoreThe Murder Of The United Colonies Of America1019 Words   |  5 PagesPresident of the United Colonies of America(UCA. That also includes The United States). He was giving a speech and was shot by a sniper. Me. Apparently, when they saw where the bullet came from, they rushed to check it out and they saw an M24 on the ground. It had three bullets missing and my fingerprints all over it. They said it could only be a trained hitman or a UCA Marine. They say I was both. I can’t remember anything, not even my name. But I have two memories. One was being thrown from an F2 tornadoRead MoreThomas Jefferson s The Declaration Of Independence984 Words   |  4 PagesBy the 1770’s the thirteen colonies had become un-happy with their motherland of Britain. The colonists believed they were being taxed unjustly. Soon the bigger issues like political differences became obvious the thirteen colonies decided to declare themselves separate from Britain. The Continental Congress created a committee to write a draft stating the colonies had the â€Å"right to be independent states†(Shi and Mayer 2016, 104). The group designated Thomas Jefferson to be the main author. InRead MoreMoments Of History : Jessica Miller, Fingerlakes Community College1188 Words   |  5 Pagespeek in on the beginning of some of the things we take for granted every day. The birth of America or the discovery of America was the first important moment in American History. Many refer to this moment as the discovery , but â€Å"North and South Americas already had native people whom lived on the coasts of the landâ€Å", according to (Foner.p 8). The first foreign countries to settle and steal the land away from the natives were Britain, Spain, and France. Britain claimed majority of the east coasts

Studying Abroad A Process Of Learning Intercultural...

The world is becoming increasingly multicultural, and college students are encouraged to become global citizens. In the past decade, studying abroad has become an increasingly popular aspect of undergraduate study. An abundance of research has been done on the motives of the students and the benefits of the study abroad experience. Regardless of the reason behind studying abroad, a clear conclusion can be made that studying abroad can be used as a process of learning intercultural competence. (Koskinen and Tossavainen 2004). In effort to change the upcoming generation’s view of the world, studying abroad should be mandatory because it is not only mechanism to increasing intercultural competence, but it can promote racial awareness in American undergraduates. â€Å"Colleges and universities are microcosms of society and are therefore a logical place to address racial prejudice and prepare students to function in todays’ racially diverse society† (Gassner McGuigan 2014) â€Å"Most social scientists would agree that students currently enrolled in higher education express racial prejudice more covertly that This literature review covers a large amount of research that has been done in the field of studying abroad, as well as the issues with intercultural competence and promoting racial awareness. Finally, when looking at the different types of cultures and countries involved, future research might look at a single country and how difficult interactions were handled, and howShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Some of the Benefits of Study Abroad Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents from Europe, especially from America, are moving towards the Middle East Universities for education (Vesely, 2005). They want to now the culture and language changes in the Middle East universities, especially in Jordan. Benefits of the Study Abroad: There are a number of education organizations in the world that working for the student exchange programs to enhance the harmony, peace and communication among the different people. The students that are above than 20 years of age can easily learnRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication In Foreign Language Students1686 Words   |  7 Pagescombination of both language and culture intersect reveals that the cultural belief and ways of being are expressed in every aspect of language learning experience (Ma, 2014, pg. 108). The main question that was to be addressed in this research was what language strategies and culture strategies did the participants report using to cope with studying abroad, (Ma, 2014, pg. 110). Throughout the research, Ma and her colleagues gathered college undergrad students and who majored in English languageRead MorePros and Cons of Studying Abroad Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesStudy Abroad Studying abroad is an act whereby students move to different countries other than their own to pursue education opportunities. Education of this form can be primary, secondary or tertiary levels. Education has taken tremendous leaps over the years. It has experienced significant changes and advancements. Because of these changes, many people are increasingly becoming educated. Education has also reached the far corners of the world and more people are attaining it. In the present dayRead MoreCultural Competency For A Nursing1619 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles that employed multiple research methods. The combination of different research methods was to improve the strategies to enhance data collection and extraction (Whittemore Knaffle, 2005). The strategy specifically enhances the rigour of the process of the critical analysis to address current of knowledge on enhancing the cultural competency of new graduates (Whittemore Knaffle, 2005). DATA REDUCTION Of the seven studies included in the review, there were two that employed qualitative methodsRead MoreA Reflection On Ids 180-01 And How It Has Impacted Me1332 Words   |  6 PagesA Reflection on IDS 180-01 and How it Has Impacted Me I want to study abroad because of all the opportunities it offers. Studying abroad would be my first chance to explore the world on my own. It would also provide me with numerous opportunities to learn in and out of the classroom. Studying abroad is the best of both worlds. I get to further my education and make progress to become the physician I wish to be, while living in a totally new and exciting environment. Getting to learn and adapt toRead MoreI Want to Pursue my Ph.D. at the University of Tsukuba1048 Words   |  4 Pagestightly bounded, making better yourself makes better your surroundings. Nowadays on a global level this process is highlighted as globalization. Globalization began to change the culture throughout the world. It is conditioned with the variations in politics, economy and social life. Within the frame of this social-cultural process education is altering too. Therefore by increasing intercultural relationships among the countries we can achieve better commu nication and cooperation in this steadilyRead MoreClil4518 Words   |  19 PagesINTRODUCTION CLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning is a part of European Commission Multilingualism, Foreign Language teaching projects. During the CLIL program, teachers educate pupils’ with curricular subjects through communicative foreign language teaching. In CLIL teachers and learners, of content subjects, use a foreign or second language as the medium of communication and instruction. CLIL is widely seen as an excellent means of learning a language, and introducing international aspectsRead MoreClil4529 Words   |  19 Pages CLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning is a part of European Commission Multilingualism, Foreign Language teaching projects. During the CLIL program, teachers educate pupils’ with curricular subjects through communicative foreign language teaching. In CLIL teachers and learners, of content subjects, use a foreign or second language as the medium of communication and instruction. CLIL is widely seen as an excellent means of learning a language, and introducing international aspectsRead MoreComparison of the Intercultural Differences and Similarities between University Life in France and Holland3044 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Comparison of the Intercultural Differences and Similarities Between University Life in the Countries of France and Holland: Twente University Versus Novancia University I. Introduction The objective of the research in this work in writing is to compare leadership styles in Holland and France and specifically, to compare leadership styles at Twente University in Holland and Novancia University in Paris. This will be achieved through a review of literature in this area of study. There are diverseRead MoreAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 PagesIntroduction to Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people from different cultures, beliefs and religions come together to work and communicate with each other. Demands for intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural communication

My Passion Free Essays

Cooking is my passion. It allows me to be creative when I’m normally not. Anything I cook makes me feel good: desserts, lunch, dinner, or snacks. We will write a custom essay sample on My Passion or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m most relaxed in the kitchen, apron on, and ingredients everywhere. It’s like a challenge to see what’s in my fridge and pantry and to see what I can create. Every pot and pan I have waiting on my stove, a pantry full of ingredients at my leisure, an eager family waiting in the other room, ideas tumbling around in my head, utensils cleaned and ready, my mind goes somewhere else and I am in my element. My passion is waiting. The simpler the ingredients, the better. I can’t decide whether to use pasta, rice, or potatoes. My hands instinctively grab for the olive oil to prep my saute pan. A dish in my house is not complete without garlic so I start there. Within minutes I have the veggies sauteing, the pasta boiling, the salad resting, the meat searing, and the fresh bread baking. The aroma wakes my family from whatever they were doing and they join me in the kitchen to chitchat and watch me work. Swatting my husband’s hands as he attempts to sneak a bite is instinctual; he has to wait for the finished product like everyone else. The meat is resting and waiting to be sliced, the fresh bread is cooling on a platter, the water glasses are waiting to be filled, and the table is set. I get anxious as everything is finishing at once and my husband helps by draining and tossing the pasta with some olive oil to keep it from sticking. The veggies are perfectly tender in the garlic butter cream sauce and look beautiful atop the tri color pasta. I feel proud that my family enjoys my cooking as much as I do. Their joy is the reason I love it so much. It’s finally time to eat. How to cite My Passion, Papers

Science Technology Case Study free essay sample

The complexity of winning a major market share was not considered well by Mr. Finson. Multifaceted issues such as the mix of business shifting towards more complex systems requiring intensive research and development spending, short product life cycle, rapid technology obsolescence and fast growth with increasing technology competition and the potential price competition were not taken into account. The failure to consider these issues led the CFO to assume a large sales growth from 1985 to 1989. These assumptions would further hurt the financial position of the company because it would tend to hedge on the forecast by needlessly expanding capacity and increasing inventory in anticipation of strong sales. 1. Projections for Sales Growth of an additional 30% per year are too optimistic considering that competition in the market was intensifying. Other than the strong presence of Fairchild and Tecktronix, the CFO missed to consider that from 1985, the company will be facing tougher competition with the entry of Teradyne, Takeda Riken, Ando, Megates and LTX. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Technology Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Based on 1984 Sales alone Teradyne and Fluke performed better at $389 million and $208million compared to $227 Million of STC. 2. Future price competition brought about by new market competitors were not taken into consideration. Without a very solid technological edge STC’s prices would soon find stiff competition if other competitors could find an efficient way to manufacture the products. 3. Projections for Profit after Tax (or profit margin on sales) are also too optimistic. The 1980 to 1984 data shows an average Profit after tax of just 9. 2 million or an Average Return on Sales at 4. 25% but projections for 1985 to 1989 shows a very optimistic average profit projection of 39. 8 Million or an Average Return on Sales of 7. 54%. The CFO failed to take into account the impact of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), RD Expenses and General Administrative Expenses which takes out the lion’s share of the Sales Revenue. 4. The assumptions made for Cost of Goods Sold at flat rate of 41% of Sales failed to consider the 1980-84 performance at 45. 8%. The company is not performing well with expensive product recalls and divisional losses due to major manufacturing losses. These major operational efficiency issues affect so much the cost for it not to be considered. Recommendations 1. Prepare a forecast to show three categories of business condition projections/forecast such as OPTIMISTIC, NORMAL, and PESSIMISTIC. In this way the President would be able to consider on all possible scenarios before making a decision. Also, all optimistic projections must be accompanied by supporting operational efficiency improvement plan, technological advantages and price competitiveness. 2. Adjust formula for forecasting to take into consideration the impact of fluctuations and the influence of the latest financial result or business incidence in 1984.

How New Technology Has Changed Our Lives Essay Example

How New Technology Has Changed Our Lives Paper What do new technologies have changed our daily lives? In recent years, new technologies like smart phones, the Internet, the Pod, and online communities have become part of our dally lives, especially with the new generation who cant live without their gadgets. In fact, new technologies have improved our quality of life; for example, we have new ways to make friends through Backbone, twitter and Namespace. New technologies also change the way we communicate with others. Although new technologies have advantages that make life easier, it impacts our life in an opposite ay that takes some negative influences in our life and we also need to think of ways to overcome them. The Internet makes people live In their own world with less communication with their friends. Am not particularly interested in video games, but some of my friends are crazy about them and they spend several hours a day on them. They always concentrate on playing for rank. Once, I quarreled with my mother and felt depressed, so I wanted to complain about it to my friend to make me feel better. We will write a custom essay sample on How New Technology Has Changed Our Lives specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How New Technology Has Changed Our Lives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How New Technology Has Changed Our Lives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, he looked impatient and didnt respond what I was talking about. After that, I knew I disturbed him. According to Sherry Turtle The Flight from Conversation, she states, A businessman laments that he no longer has colleagues at work. He doesnt stop by to talk; he doesnt call. He says that he doesnt want to interrupt them. He says they are too busy to their I have same experience that my friends are too busy to interrupt them, so an ideal way I can share my emotion is through the Internet. I posted a message in the Backbone about how depressed I was and I needed friends to comfort me. What made me excited, there were a lot virtual friends commented my message and consoled me by sharing same experience. Finally, Backbone becomes best way for me to share my experiences and gets answers for what problems I meet. No matter why Turtle claims in the article The Fight from Conversation, During the years I have spent heard the sentiment No one is listening to me. I believe this feeling helps explain why it is so appealing to have a Backbone page or a Twitter feed?each provides so many automatic listeners(336). In other words, the Backbone and the Twitter are popular to people to share the experience with fewer listeners In the real world. As a matter of fact, with more time n the Internet will result in fewer time communicating with friends that can lead people live in their own world. We need to make a balance between surfing the Internet and communicating with friends like make a schedule because we live in a really world and we do need friends and the Internet is not everything for us. The technology not only makes people participate in different events, but also records what happened which Is not a good habit. I got the Sapphic fracture last month, so I went to the emergency. The doctor put the splint on my hand. This Is my first time my hand was broken, so splint looked fancy to me. After I went back home, I took a picture for my splint and posted it in my Backbone and said, I got the Sapphic fracture today and how poor I was. I dont know what the purpose of posting this message and what is the point to post it? Is this for show up and let everyone know that I got the fracture and want people to console me? Maybe this Is record them. In fact, it doesnt make any sense to post everything happened. Andrew Lam in her article I Tweet Therefore I am: Life in the Halls of Mirrors, shows some stories of tweeting. The first one is A young woman who was being stalked tweeted ere impending doom a few days before her murder(Lam). The second one is In the same week a teenager in the suburb of Baltimore posted on Backbone murder suicide references before taking a shotgun to school and wounding one of his classmates on the first day of school(Lam). The third one is a person asked his friend to snap a photo of him in the trauma, so that he can post it in Backbone (Lam). There is a sad story describes in the article, A professor Bill Nee collapsed on the stage out of exhaustion as he prepared to give a lecture. But instead of rushing to the stage to alp him, many students in the audience took out their cell phones, snapped photo, tested and tweeted the event(Lam). This sounds immoral. Students ignored what happened to their professor and Just snapping and posting that sounds ridiculous. Now a day, people prefer to snap pictures and post them on the Backbone that becomes popular. Life is colorful and we want to record everything happened that is reasonable. If we can post things that are positive and have good influences for people that look better instead of posting some negative experiences. The technology can lead us to distract our attention. I have the phone in my hand whenever I go somewhere. I use the Backbone, the Weight and the Q as virtual communities to communicate with my friends and make new friends. If my phone disappears, my life becomes hopeless because phone is one of the important ways I talk to friends and entertain by playing phone games. For example, everyday I have a class; I put my phone on the desk. Every five minutes, I will check my Backbone to see if someone posts news that interested me or if someone sends me message through Weight. In fact, sometimes I really want to pay attention to what teachers are talking bout, but my phone always hooks me up. According to the article wrote by Linda Stone Continuous Partial Attention, What my behavior is called continuous partial attention that means we want to connect and be connected. Another way to describe it is We pay continuous partial attention in an effort NOT TO MISS ANYTHING. It is an always-on, anywhere, anytime, anyplace behavior that involves an artificial sense of constant crisis(Stone 1). This is actually true. I dont want to miss anything my friends posts on the Backbone and messages from the Weight, especially for assuages that I think it is important to me to respond on time. As a matter of fact, this is not a good behavior, and this makes me have less efficiency in doing anything. In fact, it distracts me from doing another thing, so I cant focus on doing what I should do. To avoid this bad behavior, I should try to leave my phone away from me or Just turn off my phone when I am listening to lectures and doing my homework. Totally, new technology has changed our life dramatically and becomes our closest friend. However, it also takes some negative influences. If we can use new technology sufficiently, our life can be better.

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example The Legal Environment of Business Essay The Legal Environment of Business Essay Assume that you are the supervisor of an employee who has been accused of sexually harassing a fellow co-worker. What steps would you take to handle the situation? What are the potential legal issues of which you must be cognizant? How would you help your company avoid a potential charge of discrimination (by the employee bringing the internal charge) and/or retaliation (by the individual charged with the alleged violation)? Harassment of any kind can be down right nasty. The role of a supervisor is twofold. They must protect the well being of the company they represent as well as keep their employees informed and safe. It takes special innate and learned character traits to be an effective supervisor. One important trait I suppose would be the ability to represent three different parties at the same time. The parties being: the company, the staff in which they supervise and self. Let’s take this scenario as a case to study. For the sake of this illustration, I am Ashley. Jamie is hired as a set designer for a major company in L. A. She is a young, educated, spirited and married. One of the things that Ashley liked about Jamie when she hired her was her personal sense of style. The company sends Jamie all over the world to build movie and theater sets, whoever, most of her work is done in the companies L. A. warehouses. Given Jamie’s natural personality, she is always smiling, complementing others on their work as well as their personal appearance. A typical greeting from Jamie would be, â€Å"Good morning Gwen. I love your shirt. That color really looks great on you†. Another example would be, â€Å"Mr. Thomas, looking sharp†! That’s typical of what she would say to one of the board members. The industry Jamie works in is all about fashion, style and design and she is no exception. She always wears outfits that show she thought about it. Everything about Jamie demands attention in the most unintentional way. She isn’t loud and grandiose. In fact, even though she loves to give complements and highlight the good in others, she doesn’t like a lot of attention placed on her. Miles was hired one year after Jamie, also as a set designer. He was about five years Jamie’s senior and was recently engaged. Just as Jamie was with everyone, she smiled when she talked to Jamie and complemented his work and his appearance. Well one day, Miles made a comment to Jamie that made her feel uncomfortable. He said, â€Å"Jamie, what is your husband doing that keeps you smiling all the time†. She was really offended but she didn’t want to make a big deal out of what could very well have been nothing. She just ignored him and kept working. She thought that would be the first and last time he would say anything so inappropriate to her again so she just went on about her work as usual. But it didn’t stop. In fact it got worse. The comment that pushed Jamie over the edge if you will, is when the crew was working on a new set in Hawaii. It was during summer so it was really hot and humid. Jamie was wearing a simple white tank top and some blue jeans that had been cut off just above her thigh area. She was sitting straddled about a huge palm tree that had fallen down during the island’s last hurricane. Miles says, in front of everyone, â€Å"Hey Jamie, I sure would like to be that palm tree right about now†. Jamie was livid! She told him off real good and then went to talk to her supervisor Ashley about the sexual harassment she feels she has been experiencing at the hand of her co-worker Miles. Brabners says, â€Å"It is now unlawful for an employer to subject an individual to harassment. Harassment is defined as unwanted conduct on the grounds of a recipients sex or unwanted conduct of a sexual nature. (2008) Ashley is genuinely concerned about the accusations that has been brought to her attention and takes immediate actions. According to the Supreme Court, in order for the company not to be held liable for Miles’ alleged misdeeds, Ashley has to be sure to use reasonable care to prevent and correct the sexually harassing behavior. If everyone involved unreasonably failed to take advantage of the complaint procedure or other preventive opportunities provided by the company and termination, demotion or reassignment is a result, then the company is clear of liability. (391, Beatty) The first thing Ashley did was talk to both Jamie and Miles separately and they gave written statements to their perception of what happened. She was conscience not to take sides or express favor of one side over the other. During this process, she had each of them bring someone out side of the company with them for personal support as well as to be a witness to Ashley’s none biases position. Both Jamie and Miles were instructed to keep the situation confidential and to not discuss any parts of the accusations at work or to anyone in affiliation with the company whether during company hours or not. After a month long internal investigation, Miles was offered a lower paying position in another department. He refused and threatened to sue. He didn’t stand a chance at winning because evidence had proven that he had indeed been sexually harassing Jamie as well as other female and homosexual employees. Ashley really could have fired him but instead she offered him a position that he more than likely would refuse. He voluntarily ended his employment as predicted. The way Ashley chose to handle this situation save the company from a law suit from either Jamie or Miles. She also saved the company from having to pay unemployment because Miles quite voluntarily. He was never denied employment. Even after he was found guilt of sexual harassment, he could have continued working for the company yet he refused. Prevention is the best tool for the elimination of sexual harassment. An employer should take all steps necessary to prevent sexual harassment from occurring, such as affirmatively raising the subject, expressing strong disapproval, developing appropriate sanctions, informing employees of their right to raise and how to raise the issue of harassment under Title VII, and developing methods to sensitize all concerned. Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission After that incident, the company had everyone go through sensitivity training which dealt with handling every thing from race to religion in the work place. The company also developed a peer mediation group system. This process is to be used before it goes to upper management. This way an issue can be resolved without the treat of unfavorable consequences. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race, color, national origin, and religion. Title VII applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. Title VIIs prohibitions against sex-based discrimination also cover sexual harassment. According to The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, this includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment. (EEOC) Harassment of any kind is unacceptable and more laws are being passed to protect the civil rights of all people. We all have a responsibility to make where we work safe in every way. This includes sanity. Reference: Beatty, Jeffrey F. nd Samuelson, Susan S. (2008). Legal Environment Third Edition. Thomson Higher Education. Mason, OH. Brabners, Chaffe, and Street. (2008). Discrimination on Grounds of Sex. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from discriminationonline. com/employer/sex_discrimination. asp Lectric Law Library. (2008). Guidelines For Employers On Sexual Harassment. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from lectlaw. com/files/emp32. htm The U. S. Equal Emplo yment Opportunity Commission. (2008). Sex-Based Discrimination. Retrieved May 5,2008 from eeoc. gov/types/sex. html

International stll wine trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International stll wine trade - Essay Example Data is the information that is gathered for analyzing, interpreting and making conclusion based on the available information. The source was from â€Å"database of international business statistics† which is accessed across the countries. The important features in the research are the demand and the years of the product production. The first then observations show the demand of the product in the market prior to the introduction of globalization. The subsequent years shows the impact of globalization to the product demand. One of the limitations is the misuse of the data. This involves the use numbers in a biased manner so as to suit the researchers predetermined hypothesis and hence ease in making conclusions that are not scientifically justified. The wrong numbers used lead to misleading graphs and charts being drawn and this encourages error in conclusions (Boudreaux 2008). Statistics are normally based on probabilities hence the results vary from when the each variable could have been used. This makes the results to be amendable and/or provisional. The data collection is always narrowed by moral, financial and practical constrains that affects the conclusions to be drawn. The statisticians/researchers are do not completely agree on superlative methods hence inconveniences. Data manipulations required before estimation is the arrangement of the data in an increasing total over the years of trading. The demand for the products over the periods of marketing should increasing conform the validity of the analysis (Selkirk 2012). The last ten observations highlight the impact of globalization on demand and the sales of the company product. The total sales amounted to 2701M, a mean sale of 245.55M, a median sale of 246M and a mode sale of 262M. From the above descriptive statistics, it is clearly shown that the total sales have increased substantially overtime i.e. from sale of 1177M to 2701M. This is 1524M sales increment

Case study (Implement a marketing solution) Assignment

Case study (Implement a marketing solution) - Assignment Example Answer: 1. Mail - The major advantage of the mail interview is that the respondent can respond to the questionnaire at his convenience. The major disadvantage is the low response rate. Only 20-40% of the respondents reply to mail interviews. 2. Telephone - The cost of conducting the interview is the major advantage in this type of research methods. The problem in these types of research is the response level is low even here. This is because only one call per six calls is picked up. 3. Face-to-Face - The advantage with this kind of research method is that, it is possible to know whether the responses are fake or really true. The drawback is there may be bias on the part of researchers as well as respondents. Answer: Break-even analysis is a graphical and algebraic representation of the relationships among volume of output, costs and revenues. The two types of costs are the variable and fixed costs. The sum of the fixed and variable costs at a specific volume of output becomes the total cost at that volume of output. Both the costs are compared with the sales revenue and the level of sales volume is determined. Also the analysis reveals the level of production or the value of sales where the business would make neither a profit nor a loss. Such a point at which there would be no profit or no loss is termed as the Break-even Point. Answer: This kind of strategy is believed to be a very smart strategy followed by marketers or business ow

Restorative community programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restorative community programs - Research Paper Example In the analysis of these issues, restorative justice requires that several questions are addressed. For instance, questions concerning which laws are broken, who is the offender, which punishment to be applied and what harms arise out of the crime are such fundamental concerns that should always be addressed in the program. Restorative programs have become important segments of the societal form of living. This is necessitated by the fact that crime needs to be addressed from its deepest roots other than simply curbing its prevalence (Braithwaite 2002). Societies organize programs where the offenders are made aware of the negativities of their characters and proper ways are sought in order to rehabilitate any willing minds. Restorative justice works well in relation to such other contemporary methods like community policing, community prosecution and crime prevention. The fundamental fact in this respect is that offenders must always take responsibility of their actions while the community seeks to assist in the overall accountability of the society. Restorative programs work well in societies where communities have not been involved much in the justice process. In that case, participation is normally enhanced in a way that the community understands itself and takes charge of its fundamental

Internal and external analysis of Walkers crisps

Internal and external analysis of Walkers crisps The first section of paper will introduce the background information of PepsiCo Inc. and then followed the company mission and vision. Then PepsiCo UK Ireland division is focused and further narrowed down to Walkers Crisp, the snack food product line of the division. The next section is the market situation analyses which identify the market size and growth in UK snack food industry followed by the external analysis conducted in the form of PESTLE. Subsequently, the internal analysis of Walkers Crisps and its competitor which consist of McCoys Crisps and Pringles is conducted to highlight the competitive advantage of Walkers Crisps. Last section covers the market segmentation; targeting and positioning of Walkers Crisps in UK with the recommendation on Walkers Crisps marketing strategy as well as its implications on the division illustrated in forecast budget. Table of content 1.0 Company Background 2 1.1Management Overview 2-3 1.2 Financial Situation 3 2.0 Mission Statement 4 2.1 Mission 4 2.2 Vision 4 2.3 Value 4 2.4 Goal 4 3.0 Market Situation 5 3.1 Market Size and Growth 5 3.2 Market Trends 5-6 3.3 External Environment Analysis 7-9 3.31 Political Environment 7 3.32 Economic Environment 7 3.32 Social Environment 7 3.34Technological Environment 7-8 3.35 Legal and Regulatory Environment 8 3.36 Natural Environment 9 3.4 SWOT Analysis of Walkers Crisps 10-11 3.5Competitors Situation (SWOT Analysis) 12-13 4.0 Marketing Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning 14-16 5.0 Marketing Objectives 17 6.0 Marketing Strategy 6.1 Product 18-19 6.2 Promotion 19-20 6.3 Price 20 6.4 Place 20 7.0 Assumptions 21 8.0 Forecast and Implication 22-23 Appendix 24-26 Bibliography 27-29 Company Background PepsiCo, Inc. is the world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages. The corporation is founded in 1995 by Donald M. Kendall, President and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi-Cola and Herman W. Lay, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Frito-Lay, through the merger of the two companies (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). Over the years, PepsiCo, Inc. continues to make effort to increase company portfolio by expanding market in different countries which resulted nearly 200 countries are selling products under the corporation. PepsiCo is now a listed company on the Dow Jones North America Sustainability Index and Dow Jones World Sustainability Index (PepsiCo Inc, 2010). 1.1 Management Overview Figure Business Units of PepsiCo As illustrated in Figure 1, the four main divisions of PepsiCo are PAF, PAB, PepsiCo Europe and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East Africa (AMEA). PepsiCo UK and Ireland (PUK) is classified as PepsiCo Europe division. Under the leadership of Richard Evans, President of PepsiCo UK Ireland, Walkers achieved its highest-ever market share and the brand was re-established as a British icon (PepsiCo UK Ireland). Walkers has been core brand of PUK and mainly manufactured in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Walkers is also the UKs favourite crisps brand which owned by Frito-Lay which its current logo a derivative of the North American Lays logo. Currently, Walkers Crisps hold 47% share of the UK crisps market (Net Resources International, 2010). 1.2 Financial Situation In overall, PepsiCo grew 5 % in net revenue on a constant currency basis as compared to 2008 which was upset by the unfavourable economy condition. PepsiCo American Foods dominant 48% group net revenue. PepsiCo American Beverages and PepsiCo Europe fell 7.5% and 2.4% respectively. However, PepsiCo Asia, Middle East Africa (AMEA) grew 9% which increase the total net revenue of the group (PepsiCo, 2009). According to the annual report, PepsiCo Europe snack food volume in last year declined 1% as compared to 2008 with 6% growth. Walkers in the United Kingdom declined at a low-single-digit rate which is caused by macroeconomic challenges. Source: Annual Report 2009 2.0 Mission Statement 2.1 Mission The mission of PepsiCo is to be the worlds premier consumers product company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). 2.2 Vision PepsiCos vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). 2.3 Value PepsiCo stressed on the commitment of delivering sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust (PepsiCo Inc, 2010). 2.4 Goals Non financial Goals 1. To reduce water consumption in global by 20 percent per unit of production by 2015. 2. To grow savoury snack and liquid refreshment beverage market share in the top 20 markets. 3. To develop a group of leaders who better understand how to work more cohesively at the global level in multidiscipline teams. Financial Goals 1. To improve brand equity scores for PepsiCos 19 billion-dollar brands in top 10 markets. 2. To grow savoury snack and liquid refreshment beverage market share in the top 20 markets. 3. To grow the companys nutrition businesses from $10 billion to $30 billion in the next decade. 3.0 Market Situation 3.1 Market Size and Growth According to Key Note, the UK snack foods market in terms of retail sales has a strong of 8.4% was seen between 2008 and 2009 as manufacturers passed on steep rises in commodity costs for items such as potatoes, sunflower oil and nuts. The total value of the market has increased by 12% between 2005 and 2009 to reach  £2.39bn. Potato snack gained 85% of UK snack foods market followed by other savoury snacks and snack nuts (MyCompanyPR, 2010). 3.2 Market Trend High demand in safety and healthy foods Consumers demand in safe and healthy snack food is an emerging trend. According to Report, there been a high proportion of consumers interested in natural and healthful food and drinks increases, so will sales of products with naturally nutritionally rich and quality calorie content. Manufacturers of snack foods reducing salt and fat content in their foods through the introduction of light and low-fat variants to respond to health issues. Emphasis has been placed on the use of more natural ingredients, as well as on baked, rather than fried goods (MyCompanyPR, 2010). The trend is more distinct when UK government has imposed restrictive food and drink nutritional labelling regulations as to control the obesity population in the country. Global media influence consumers choice Consumers buying behaviour change in a way of becoming active information seeker on the food nutritional and calorie content before purchase decision is made. The availability of Internet allows consumers have greater access to products information around the world. Thus, more and more snack manufacturers share their product nutritional label in their official websites for consumers references. Consumers embraced ethical product On the other hand, more people are inspired to buy food that has minimal impact on the environment. This shows that consumers product evaluation work more than just the tastiness or quality but take consideration of the food products packaging and manufacturing process. Therefore major marketers and retailers are increasingly tapping into this trend by offering more ethical products, upping their corporate responsibility efforts through energy-efficient green facilities and sustainable business practices, and increasing their associated cause-related marketing efforts (Packaged Facts, 2010). According to Mintels Global New Products Database (GNPD), in between 2005 and 2010 to date, there have been 17,208 food and drink products launched in Europe that make some claim towards being ethical. Between 2005 and 2009, Mintel identified a 963 per cent increase in product launches in the category, from 445 products in 2005 to 4,732 last year (Decision News Media SAS, 2010). Mintel comments that  the key shift in the focus of ethical products: from animal-friendly to  environment-friendly  products is a sustainable factor for many snack manufacturer in rebuilding brands. 3.3 External Environment Analysis 3.31 Political Environment UK practices the integration of three government departments on food labelling policy which are Food Standards Agency (FSA), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and Department of Health. FSA has the responsibility for food safety aspect in nutritional labelling in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In England, Department of Health responsible for nutritional policy and Defra become responsible for country of origin labelling and various other types of food labelling not related to food safety, and food composition policies in England. 3.32 Economic Environment The economy of United Kingdom is in the recovery stage after having a severe recession in 2009. The GDP growth of UK in 2010 quarter two remain unrevised from the increase of 1.2% published last month (Office for National Statistics, 2010). Consumer disposable income is medium low as the household consumption expenditure rose slightly rose by 0.7% in latest quarter. A rise in world commodity prices for grocery product have indirectly increase food price. PepsiCo UK Walkers is in the disadvantage position due to an increase in operation cost and engage in price war to attract more market share. 3.33 Social Environment Obesity is the major health problem of the UK nations and healthy eating is one of the trends in food and drink sectors in UK. Consumers actively scrutinize the ingredients and nutritional labelling as a way to choose the right snack foods. PUK Walkers Brands respond to the change of consumer preference toward healthy snack by using Sun Seed oils to cook their crisps in order to reduce saturated fat content of the crisps. Walkers also provide a front-of-pack Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) label to inform consumers about the amount of energy and key nutrients provided in a portion of the product, and the contribution they make to the GDA for that nutrient (PepsiCo UK Ireland, 2010). 3.34 Technological Environment According to ITU, 82.5% of the population in UK are Internet user. Most popular sites visit overall among UK Web user are Google, YouTube and social network visits have climbed from about 10% of all UK site visits to 11.88% of the total (eMarketer Inc., 2009). PUK Walkers Crisps has adapted to the surfing trends and connect consumers through social network. Last year, Walkers Crisps launched a Do us a Flavour, Pick us a winner campaign which uses electronic vote via mobile,  Facebook  or email was successful to capture the heart of the nation inviting the public to create the next great flavour of Walkers Crisps (Enzo Annunziata, 2009). Year Users Population % Pop. Usage Source 2000 15,400,000 58,789,194 26.2 % ITU 2005 35,807,929 59,889,407 59.8 % Nielsen Net//Ratings 2007 38,512,837 60,363,602 63.8 % Nielsen//NR 2009 48,755,000 61,113,205 79.8 % Nielsen Online 2010 51,442,100 62,348,477 82.5 % ITU Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/uk.htm Besides snack manufacturers start to embrace green technology on their production. PUK adapted to the change by upgrading Walkers brands with eco- friendly packaging by using starch derived from potato peelings to make chips bag, thus helping save on costs by recycling potato by-products (TFTS Technology, 2010). 3.35 Legal Regulatory Environment UK government has been imposing restrictive regulatory pressure on food safety. The Food Safety Act 1990 is one of the main food laws in UK by preventing food business from rendering food injurious to healthy (Section 7) and selling to the purchasers prejudice any food which is not of the nature or substance or quality demanded by the purchaser (Section 14). Food companies that offence the Section 7 or 14 will be penalized with fine up to  £5,000 per offence or a prison sentence of up to six months (Food Standard Agency, 2010). The Food Hygiene (England) Regulations 2006 is the food hygiene rules for all food businesses, applying effective and proportionate controls throughout the food chain, from primary production to sale or supply to the food consumer (Food Standard Agency, 2010). 3.36 Natural Environment According to Report of Department of Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), UK environment is improving as the serious incidents affecting water, air and land are dropping from year 2002 to 2008. However, climate change like drought has a huge impact in food production. PepsiCo UK Ireland has taken initiative on reducing the carbon footprint in their manufacturing, distribution and packaging processes, and those of their suppliers. They switching to 100% British potatoes to lower food miles, reusing waste oil in biodiesel in their trucks as well as practice light-weighting of packaging. As a result they achieved a 7% reduction of Walkers carbon footprint between 2007 and 2009 (CIB, 2010). Source: http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/inlwater/kf/iwkf11.htm 3.4 SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo UK (Walkers Brand) Strength UK market leader in crisps Experienced management teams and board of directors. Strong manufacturing and distribution system Provide a variety of crisps flavours using familiar and natural ingredients Strong financial support from PepsiCo Inc. Launch the first Carbon Reduction Label Weaknesses Walkers brands sales declined Inaccuracy in product nutritional labelling Commodity price is inconsistent. Opportunity Increasing consumption of snack Eating healthy snack is a trend High demand in environmental friendly processed food as in packaging Threat Snack viewed as unhealthy product Intense Competition Water stress and crop failure in region Volatile in foreign exchange rate Strength PepsiCo UKs (PUK) favour internally are its strengths of an experienced managements team and board of directors which give a clear direction of the selling strategy of Walkers Crisps. Besides, PUK and Walkers actively engage with carbon emissions reduction from its supply chain to packaging has scored the company a good reputation in the effort of preserving environments. Walkers brand uses healthy oil to fry or baked the crisps which suit consumers demand of healthy snack food. Walkers brand also gain competitive advantage of being the first product that launched Carbon Reduction label which other competitors could have takes time to imitate in future. Weakness The weakness of PUK is the sales volume of Walkers crisps is decreasing attribute to the consumers negative perception of snack food. Walkers brand crisps have been engage with a number of problem and complaint about inaccuracy in nutritional label. In particularly, Walkers claimed their flavour is suitable for Coeliacs but not entirely gluten free (contains barley malt). Once consumers find the product labelling is misleading, they would not repurchase the item as it indicated the product is unsafe to consume. Nevertheless, the increase in commodity prices due to the disruption of unfavourable climate imposes high production cost to the company. Opportunity and Threat Favourable external factors include the rising demands of snack, food processing technological breakthrough in packaging which addressing the consumers demand of environmental friendly product which start practising by competitors. Main threat of PUK is disruption of production due to adverse climate such as water stress will increase the crop failure. PUK Walkers crisps face intense competition from both direct and indirect competitors which would adversely affect its current market share in UK snack food industry. United Biscuit Ltd and Procter Gamble Company are the direct competitors of PUK whereas the indirect product competitors are Kraft Food, Nestle and Kellogg. 3.5 Competitors Brand Situation (SWOT Analysis) The main competitors of Walkers Crisps are McCoys Crisps and Pringles. The table below shows the SWOT analysis of these companies. Competitors Brands McCoys Crisps Pringles Manufacturer United Biscuit Ltd  [1]   The Procter Gamble Company Country of Origin United Kingdom United States Market Shares 29% 21% Strength Dominance the young male market e.g. Slogan: the original and best crisp designed specifically for men and their distinctive tastes.  [2]   Special flavours as compared to other e.g. curry flavours Consumers can control the proportion of salt and addictives in their snack Strong financial support from the group Wide manufacturing facilities Approach different group of consumers from children to adults Slogan: Once You Pop, The Fun Doesnt Stop! Unique canister packaging  [3]  and sealable lid Differentiation on crisps shape: a hyperbolic parabolic saddle shape Strong financial support form group Weakness Salty and Fattening Fail to approach female and children market Organisation less focus on the brand Inconsistency in campaign effort especially in social network. Higher price as compared to other normal potato product Opportunity Increasing consumption of snack High demand in environmental friendly processed food as in packaging  [4]   Demands for exotic flavours snack is still high Able to approach different group of consumers Produce new flavours Threat Market share widen by other non-potato snack product Market share widen by other non-potato snack Competitive snack market climate Addiction of product Engage in negative food issues: HVP Salmonella recalls  [5]   *the calculation of market share has included potato crisps, snack, and nuts. 4.0 Marketing Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Segment base Children Youth Adults Demographic Age Income Occupation Family life cycle Below 12 Parents allowance Student Kids 13-24 Below 2000 Students, Part-timers Single, couples 25 44 Above 2000 Self-employed, Full-timers, Professional Single, couples, married Geographic Country Regions United Kingdom Scotland, North Ireland, Midlands Psychographic Social class Lifestyle Middle, High Leisure Middle, High Leisure, Fast-moving Low, Middle, High Fast-moving, convenient, less constraint Behavioural Usage rate User status Medium Regular Heavy Regular Medium Regular Crisps and savoury snack consumption by age group and gender Gender Age Group 2-10 11-18 19-34 35-49 50-64 Males Mean 19 22 18 19 16 Median 18 18 13 13 13 % consumers 79 87 56 37 22 Females Mean 20 23 17 13 13 Median 18 19 12 9 11 % consumers 86 84 53 45 26 Modified source: Low income diet and nutrition survey by food standard agency Percentage of crisps and savoury snack consumption according to country / region Gender Country / region England Scotland Wales North Central /Midlands South All England Men (%) 30 45 28 33 41 32 Females (%) 32 42 36 36 40 29 Modified source: Low income diet and nutrition survey by food standard agency Targeted groups The primary targeted is the youth which is from 13 year old to 24 year old. Low income diet and nutrition survey by Food Standard Agency reveal that 79% male and 86% female of this group consumed crisps and savoury snack. Older children and teens can be manipulated by the strong emotive messages in advertisements. The secondary targeted group is adult between the ages of 25 and 44. This group are medium snack consumers which has less budget constraints as compared to youth group. The frequent user of snack is working adult living in a fast moving lifestyle. Convenient snack become the instant meals for working adult who has less time on cooking their own meals. MarVariety of flavours Fatty Homogenous flavours Healthy Walker Crisps Pringles Chips McCoys Crisps Kettle Chips Doritos ket Positioning of Walkers Crisps Figure Perceptual map of Walker Crisps Walkers Crisps is benefited in the sense that positioned itself to be a healthy crisps which provides variety of flavours. Figure 2 shows that Walkers Crisps closest competitor is in house brand Doritos, and other competitors brands like Pringles Chips and Kettle Chips are far below its because consumers perceive them as fattening and homogenous in term of flavours. In term of crisps flavour, McCoys Crisps is the closest competitor of Walkers attributed to its uniqueness of crisps flavours which keep most innovative consumers buying on it. 5.0 Marketing Objectives (SMART) To increase the market share of Walkers Crisps in UK market. To increase the sales volume of Walker Baked by 30% from 2010 to 2012. Walkers to remove all artificial flavour enhancers, colours and preservatives, by 2012 (PUK Health Report). 50% of savoury snacks to be baked, or include positive nutrition*, by 2015. Increase availability of Walkers Baked by 25% by 2012 for consumers on-the-go. Trial marketing campaigns to transition consumers who have high per-capita consumption of savoury snacks to healthier alternatives, from 2010 (PUK Health Report). 6.0 Marketing Strategy 6.1 Product Strategy As discussed earlier in market situation analysis, consumers healthy eating demands are the key focus of PepsiCo UK in snack foods industry. PUK is recommended to remain focus its competitive advantage on producing healthful snack with healthy oil with eco-friendly packaging. Out of the five product extension under Walkers brands as shown in Table 1, PUK should undertake brand building of Walkers Baked because its contain less than 70% fat content which believe to meet consumers demand of healthy snack food. Table Walkers Brands Crisps Product Product Description Flavours Walkers Crisps Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range Potato crisps that cooked in Sun seed Oil which contained lower saturated fat. Ready salted, Cheese Onion, Prawn Cocktail, Salt Vinegar, Roast Chicken, Smoky Bacon, BBQ Rib, Steak Onion, Marmite, Tomato Ketchup, Pickled Onion, Worcester Sauce Walkers Light Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range/walkers-lights Potato crisps that is deliciously light, 33% less fat than ordinary crisps and under 115 calories. Cheese Onion, Sea Salt Cracked Black Pepper, Simply Salted, Sour Cream Chive Walkers Max Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range/walkers-max Deep ridge potato crisp, which gives more crunch and fuller flavour. Chargrilled Steak, Cheese Onion, Paprika, Cheeseburger Walkers Baked Source: http://www.walkers-baked.co.uk/ Crunchy potato crisp that oven baked twice and contained 70% less fat than other Walkers crisp. Mango Chilli, Cheese Onion, Bacon Cheddar, Sour Cream Chive, Ready Salted, Salt Vinegar Walkers Extra Crunchy Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range/walkers-extra-crunchy Potato crisp that sliced thicker, cooked little longer and crunchier than regular Walkers. Simply Salted, Salt Malt Vinegar, Cheddar Sour Cream, Sweet Chilli Chicken, Flame Grilled Steak http://www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/24548 6.2 Promotion Strategy Key promotion programs that PepsiCo UK is recommended is featuring in sponsorship of home event (treasure hunt), collaborative promotion with cinemas and social network advertising. Sponsorship of Walkers Baked Treasure Hunts PepsiCo UK will be sponsoring a charity event named Walkers Baked Treasure Hunt which participants are encouraged to have minimum purchase of two packages of Walkers Baked. The group will also donate 1% of the revenue in each purchases of Walkers Baked to the Carbon Trust Fund. The event is intended to promote the significant of human role on preserving the Earth by reducing the carbon emission. Besides, it could facilitate sales of Walkers Bakes and re-emphasize the environmental friendly brand image of Walkers. Collaborative promotion with cinema People tend to associated snack food with entertainments like watching movie. Therefore, PepsiCo UK should made strategic partnership with local cinemas like Cineplex, to enable the cinema to sells the Walkers brand crisps to the ongoing audiences. In addition, Cineplex can work closely with Walker Crisps through screening the brands commercial and collaborate with movies freebies giving away promotion. Social Network Advertising Walkers Baked Fan Page will be set up as an arena to connect fans about the product. By recruiting fan can increase the popularity of Walkers Baked and fans will be constantly updated with the incoming events like Walkers Baked Treasure Hunt and other seasonal promotions. Past events images will be uploaded to reconnect the existing fans. 6.3 Price Strategy Pricing of Walkers Baked vary according to place and size of the product. Pricing in petrol station and convenience store are fixed whereas the pricing of retail is varying depending on the special occasion (e.g. Easter Day) and competitors brand pricing. The price strategy of undertaken by Walker Baked includes psychological pricing which priced at  £1.99 instead of  £2 and competitors based pricing. 6.4 Place Strategy Walkers Baked crisps will be mass distributed in most of the shops in petrol kiosk such as Shell and BP. Walkers brands snack vending machine in entertainment parks such as bowling centre and cinema as a way to increase consumers exposure to the product. Besides, Walkers Baked crisps will be placed at the middle condola or shelve in hypermarket like Asda, Tesco and other convenient shops because consumers can pay more attention to products put at middle shelves as it is reach on hand easily. 7.0 Assumptions There will be no large fluctuation are made in the market. The company mitigates the exchange rate fluctuation through buying and selling forward in principal currencies of activity and aligning currency of cost with the currency of sales. The financial data of PepsiCo UK and Ireland is assumed to be included in operation review of PepsiCo Europe in PepsiCo Annual Report 2009. Sales and operating profit PepsiCo UK Ireland is assumed to be the net revenue and operating profit of PepsiCo Europe Division respectively. Operating expenses in year 2009 is assumed to be 7% of the total sales. 8.0 Forecast and Implication Forecast Budget of PepsiCo Europe Division from 2009 -2012 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 $m $m $m $m Forecast Sales 6727 7000 7700 8470 Cost of Sales 5795 5950 6468 7030 Percent 86% 85% 84% 83% Operating Profit 932 1050 1232 1440 Percent 14% 15% 16% 17% Operating expenses 471 420 385 339 Percent 7% 6% 5% 4% Profit 461 630 847 1101 Percent 7% 9% 11% 13% With the stimulation of mar

William Blake :: essays research papers

William Blake is said to be a very visual artist and in his visions, is where he got all of his ideas. In this essay I’m going to explore some of Blake’s works and the visions that caused him to write about some of the things that he wrote about. William Blake, born November 28, 1757, grew up as the son of a haberdasher, Blake, with close to zero education in a London suburb due to having a bad temper. He taught himself everything that he knew. From the ages of 0 to 14, he taught himself how to read and he had read many of Milton’s pieces, the Bible, and some of Shakespeare’s work. He also taught himself Latin (Norton 65). During his free time since he didn’t attend school, he spent this time in a print shop. He spent his pocket money for engravings of different Italian Masters. All of this freedom that he had helped him to gather impressions and sensations from the world that helped him with his drawings until he died. Later in his life he decided on apprenticing as an engraver instead of becoming an artist, even though he was a friend of many of the great artists. He worked as an apprentice for a well-known engraver. His engraving skills that he learned helped him with his craftsmanship, and a higher br anch of art (Raine 9-10). Blake married an illiterate woman at the age of twenty-four, named Catherine. He decided on courting her in Battersea, and the church where they were married is the only church still standing to this very day (Raine 7). Blake encountered many hardships in his life including being arrested for making slanderous statements about different things. All of the events that Blake endured in his life had a great influence on his masterful writings and drawings. It was once said that Blake and his wife were so poor, that his wife would lay an empty plate in front of him at dinner because they didn’t have anything at all to eat, and this made Blake start drawing pictures of what he wished was on his plate. One task that he was assigned was to draw many of the monuments of kings and queens in Westminster Abbey. When Blake was young he had many different visions that also caused him to start drawing these visions on the flaps of his dad’s books.

Vigilance and E-Governance

VIGILANCE AND E-GOVERNANCE Vigilance means watchfullness or to bring awareness. Vigilance came into existence mainly for the purpose of fighting corruption. Corruption involves misuse of power , money ,government property etc. Though corruption can't be brought down to zero level, we can try to bring it as low as possible. This can be ensured by watchfulness, caution and vigilance. Or in other words it can be achieved by E-Governance. E-Governance is the use of various modern information and communication technologies such as internet, local area networks, mobile phones,etc. by the government to promote democracy and minimize the corruption level. Simply e-governance is electronic management and electronic controllership. Therefore vigilance and e-governance are required for ensuring corruptionless functioning of any private, public or government organisation. In order to achieve this purpose, govenment has implemented various online services under national e-governance plan like pro perty registration, railway reservation, pensions, passport, visa , company affairs, land records, e-courts, etc.Here we will discuss some of the examples and we will see how they are proven to be effective, not only for fighting against corruption but also for improving the efficiency, effectiveness and comfortness of public. ONLINE DELIVERY OF LAND TITLES IN KARNATAKA, INDIA Before the computerisation of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka, farmers had to seek the Village Accountant to get a copy of the Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops(RTC), a document needed for many purposes such as obtaining bank loans. But there were unnecessary delays and harassments. Many were forced to pay bribes.Land owners found it difficult to access the village accountant, as his duties entail traveling. The time taken by the village accountant to provide RTC ranged from 3 to 30 days depending upon the size off the bribe. A tyypical bribe for a certificate could range from Rs. 100 to Rs. 2000. If some details were to be written in an ambiguous fashion, out of selfish motives, the bribe could go upto rs. 10,000. Land records in the custody of village accountant were not open for public scrutiny. But after the computerisation of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka, for a fee of Rs. 5 , a printed copy of the RTC can be obtained online at computerised land record kiosks in 140 Taluk offices without any delay or bribe. The software incorporates the bio-logon metrics system, which authenticates the users with their fingerprint. A log is maintained of all transaction in a session. This makes an officer accountable for his decisions and actions. The government has also got plans to web-enable the database to make it available for the farmers to receive a copy of the land records locally through an internet kiosk. Although without a signature such a copy will only have an informative value.This scheme is also useful for preventing lands-scam as all the data related to the land is in a common server. COMPUTERISED INTERSTATE CHECK POSTS IN GUJARAT Gujarat has an extensive road network, which carries a large volume of commercial traffic. Major highway systems link Delhi to Mumbai and provide the pricipal link to the Kandla sea port on Gujarat's west coast. Gujarat's 10 check posts are positioned at the border with three neighbouring Indian states. Nearly 25,000 transport vehicles enter daily through these check posts. most of the trucking companies aim to increase their earnings from each vehicle.Often this has promoted transporters to load their trucks beyond permissible axle load, creating a serious safeety hazard. Without the computerisation, a suspect vehicle is flagged to stop , and then weighed on a weigh bridge located away from traffic. The legal penalty for overload is Rs. 2000 per ton. However most of such fines are illegaly negotiated. The problem of corruption was particulaly difficult to attack as the corrupt were backed by politicians. In the abse nce of any systematic inspection of vehicles, the transport companies also adopted various illegal practices.Duplicate copies of a single registration book from the Regional Transport Office (RTO) have been used for many different vehicles, using fake license plates. With the computerisation, all check posts are monitored at a central location using video cameras installed at every check post cabin. The video cameras captures the registration number of all trucks approaching the check post. Image processing software converts the video image of the registration number to a digital form and the details of the truck are acessed from a central database.An electronic weigh bridge measures the weight feeds it to the computer, which automatically issues a demand note for the fine. The use of computers and other electronic devices at the 10 remote interstate border check posts in gujarat, has reduced the corruption and significantly increased the state's tax revenue. ONLINE INDIAN RAILWAY T RAIN STATUS AND RESERVATION SYSTEM: Before the computerisation system it was very difficult to know the availability of train seat and reserving without paying money. Even sometimes passengers had to pay additional money inside the train.But after computerisation, the availability of seats can be accessed by anyone through internet. Passengers can even book tickets online. It drastically reduced corruption. Also autoupgradation of passenger tickets increased the revenue to Indian railways and decreased the additional income(bribe) to TTE. WORK PROGRESS MONITORING SYSTEM: This software is intensively used in all type of industry to monitor its work progress. This is not directly related with money corruption but it deals with monitoring corruption which includes delaying of projects which indirectly leads to increase the hidden cost of the company.CONCLUSION: Thus by deploying both vigilance and e-governance, the level of corruption has been reduced substantially. But the biggest cha llenge in deploying e-governance is not technology but the change in management. Sudden Management change not only affects the culture but also affects the workflow and the workers. E-governance doesn't mean proliferation of computer and other e-accessories, but is basically a political decision which calls for discipline and attitudinal change in officers and employees.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Example Problem

Clausius Problem The Clausius-Clapeyron equation may be used to estimate vapor pressure as a function of temperature or to find the heat of the phase transition from the vapor pressures at two temperatures. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is a related named for Rudolf Clausius and Benoit Emile Clapeyron. The equation describes the phase transition between two phases of matter that have the same composition. When graphed, the relationship between temperature and pressure of a liquid is a curve rather than a straight line. In the case of water, for example, vapor pressure increases much faster than temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the slope of the tangents to the curve. Clausius This example problem demonstrates how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to predict the vapor pressure of a solution. Problem: The vapor pressure of 1-propanol is 10.0 torr at 14.7  °C. Calculate the vapor pressure at 52.8  °C.Given:Heat of vaporization of 1-propanol 47.2 kJ/mol Solution The Clausius-Clapeyron equation relates a solutions vapor pressures at different temperatures to the heat of vaporization. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is expressed byln[PT1,vap/PT2,vap] (ΔHvap/R)[1/T2 - 1/T1]whereΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization of the solutionR is the ideal gas constant 0.008314 kJ/K ·molT1 and T2 are the absolute temperatures of the solution in KelvinPT1,vap and PT2,vap is the vapor pressure of the solution at temperature T1 and T2Step 1 - Convert  °C to KTK  °C 273.15T1 14.7  °C 273.15T1 287.85 KT2 52.8  °C 273.15T2 325.95 KStep 2 - Find PT2,vapln[10 torr/PT2,vap] (47.2 kJ/mol/0.008314 kJ/K ·mol)[1/325.95 K - 1/287.85 K]ln[10 torr/PT2,vap] 5677(-4.06 x 10-4)ln[10 torr/PT2,vap] -2.305take the antilog of both sides 10 torr/PT2,vap 0.997PT2,vap/10 torr 10.02PT2,vap 100.2 torr Answer: The vapor pressure of 1-propanol at 52.8  °C is 100.2 torr.

How To Live in a Frank Lloyd Wright Design

How To Live in a Frank Lloyd Wright Design American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) is alive and well. Believing that philosophy is more important than design, Wrights aesthetic - harmony, nature, organic architecture - is recognizable in the patterns of his design. Do not try to teach design, he wrote at Taliesin. Teach principles. The real Frank Lloyd Wright blueprints are his unwavering ideals. Do the comfortable, Prairie style houses make your heart skip a beat? Have you always dreamed of owning a Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece like Fallingwater? Okay, maybe not so much water. But how about a Wright Usonian home, like the Zimmerman House in New Hampshire? Brick and wood and a wall of windows bring nature into your living space, blurring the lines between outside and inside. Frank Lloyd Wright (FLW) built hundreds of private homes, and every year a few change ownership. In 2013, The Wall Street Journal reported that about 20 homes were on the market from the approximately 270 privately owned FLW residences. Many of the homes by Mr. Wright pose challenges, reports the WSJ. Small kitchens, no basements, narrow doorways, built-in furniture, and leaks are just a few of the difficulties for the modern homeowner. When you buy a Wright, youre buying a piece of history important to many people - some might say to too many people. Wright fans will always be lurking around your house if you buy an original. Many of Wrights homes are in the Wisconsin / Illinois area, and every year thats where most of the turnover is. Wright architecture outside of this area is more rare and may tend to be on the market for longer periods of time. The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy keeps track of Wright houses currently for sale  - Wright on the Market. If theres nothing by Wright in your city, consider hiring an architect to custom design a new home in the spirit of the master. Without a doubt, the premier firm for Wright-inspired creations used to be Taliesin Associated Architect (TA). From Wrights death in 1959 until the group reorganized in 2003, TA continued the architectural practice established by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1893. The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture maintains two design studios, one at Taliesin West in Arizona and another at Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin. An architect who has trained or apprenticed at either Taliesin may better understand the spirit of Wrights architecture. The Taliesin Fellows stay connected but practice privately after graduation. The first thing you may want to do, though, is take a tour at either Taliesin. Architects dont need to train at Taliesin to design like Wright, but these former Taliesin Fellows present a delightful array of their own designs: Michael Rust; Richard A. Keding; Aaron G. Green; William Arthur Patrick, founder of Midglen Studio; Barry Peterson at Studio 300A Architecture; Jeremiah (Jaimie) Kimber at j kimber design; Floyd Hamblen; and Anthony Puttnam, Architect, LLC. For more about modern-day architecture inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright, check out the books A Living Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright and Taliesin Architects by John Rattenbury (2000) and John H. Howe, Architect: From Taliesin Apprentice to Master of Organic Design by Jane King Hession (2015). Private homeowners generally cant use original Frank Lloyd Wright blueprints. The folks at Florida Southern College, however, already had Usonian house plans Wright had designed for the campus in 1939. Construction of the house was finished in 2013 and you can tour it and the entire Lakeland, Florida campus. Taliesin architects can be pricey, no doubt. If youre building on a budget, consider purchasing construction-ready building plans for a Prairie style house. While not duplicates of Wrights work, many of these stock plans resemble the rambling homes that Frank Lloyd Wright designed - and they can be modified by your local architect. A number of companies offer plans for Wright-inspired houses. Remember that Wright first experimented with the Prairie design way back in 1893 - before 1900 Wright had developed the modern design loved today, but variations were made in Wrights own lifetime. The Prairie house style is just that - a style that inspired many adaptations . Even if your new home is not a Wright original, it can incorporate his most popular details. Evoke the spirit of the master through furniture, glassware, textiles, lighting, and wallpapers. Frank Lloyd Wright is well-known for his built-in furniture and bookcases, but his reproduction housewares can be found everywhere. Especially popular are Wright-type hanging lights. After author T.C. Boyle bought a Frank Lloyd Wright house in Montecito, California, he was inspired to write one of the most popular books about Wright, a fictionalized account of Wrights love affairs called The Women. Maybe you could be the next T.C. Boyle. Sources Seeking the Wright Path at Taliesin West by Logan Ward, Architect Magazine, December 9, 2014The Pleasures and Pitfalls of Frank Lloyd Wright Homes by Joann S. Lublin, The Wall Street Journal, May 16, 2013 at http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323372504578469410621274292Taliesin ARchitects Reorganized by Jim Goulka, Taliesin Fellows Newsletter, Number 12, July 15, 2003 at http://re4a.com/wp-content/uploads/taliesinfellows_Jul03.pdf [accessed November 21, 2013]Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 214 SUMMARY Start packing. You can live in a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright - or one that looks like it might have been. Heres how: Buy an Original Wright-Designed HouseBuild a Wright-Like House Designed by a Taliesin FellowUse Mail Order Stock House PlansAdd Wright Details to Your Home

The Ethics of Distribution, How to distribute health care fairly Essay

The Ethics of Distribution, How to distribute health care fairly - Essay Example Even after increased spending on the United States health care, the country could not manage to improve health status significantly. Currently, access to health care in the United States is far from equitable; this has raised the legitimate question of justice. Health care insurance has managed to obtain access for most Americans, but 15 percent of individuals remain without coverage. A lot of people are still not able to access modern medicine, and this raises an important topic in medical ethics (Trotochaud, 2006). In the conceptual bioethics framework, access to health care is under the principle of justice, for example; entitlement to resources, equitable distribution, and fairness. The issues of justice in the health care system are divided into two related but different dimensions; access and allocation. Allocation is the process that is used to determine the health care resources for distribution to individuals and populations. The allocation issue has three levels; social level, this is the amount of resources spent by the government on health care compared with other budgetary needs. Second tier is allocation at the point of healthcare service; this is the decisions of health care portions of the federal budget and to whom, where and how the funds will be spent. The final level concerns the individual patient; access to health care in the United States is determined by the ability to have health insurance coverage. Access relates to whether individuals who should be or who are entitled to access health care services can receive them. Even with all the government spending on health care, a majority of people in the United States go without health insurance coverage (Trotochaud, 2006). For example, in the year 2009, 50.7 million individuals lacked healthcare cover. For the many individuals covered by insurance, they can access high-quality care with ease but at high costs. Those without coverage, or without adequate cover forgo much-needed care,

Fundamentals of Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fundamentals of Marketing - Assignment Example enjoys significant brand reputation, it is important to engage in road shows to enhance popularity of products especially to promote its numerous innovations (Solomon et al. 2011). 5.0 Conclusion 11 This paper critiques the marketing strategy of Apple Company in Australia. It is a US multinational company dealing in a wide range of technology products and services such as computers, mobile phones, software, computer peripherals, media auxiliaries, and networking services among other electronics. The company has accomplished rapid growth in the consumer electronics market as part of its brand extension strategy. It presents an industry overview, environmental analysis and the marketing strategy of Apple, which also includes how the 4-Ps of marketing mix is applied. The paper highlights some recommendations on the appropriate measures to be undertaken to improve the company’s marketing performance in the next 1-3 years. Marketing is a significant process that helps businesses to effectively interact with customers for the purpose of understanding their needs and creating the desired value. An organization that satisfies the needs of its customers is able to maintain profitability and long term sustainability. It is important that the operating environment is understood to enhance development of a successful marketing strategy. A company needs to select the right marketing mix that gives it a competitive advantage over competitors. Environmental analysis is important as it presents an overview of the micro and macro-environmental factors that influence a company’s competitiveness in the market. The marketing strategies applied by different companies are focused on maintaining a competitive advantage in the market. Effective segmentation, targeting and positioning enhance the overall success. The 4-Ps in marketing mix represents Product, Price, Place and Promotion, which are essential in satis fying consumer needs and enhancing profitability (Kim & Meyers-Levy,

Wireless fan LLD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wireless fan LLD - Essay Example This document will also document the hardware and software which will be employed. In this document, the researcher will discuss all the components that will be on the board as well as the software of the microcontroller. The heart of the analysis will be dependent upon the IR remote Controller that involves a transmitter and a receiver circuit operation based on using infrared red rays as a medium of a wireless communication. As such, the device is used for all sorts of electronic devices like televisions air conditioners. The document is intended to capture and convey the significant design decisions which have been made in preparation for the development of the system being discussed in this document. The first process of the system will be the starter mechanism that is made available to the user via the buttons. When the button is pressed, the signal leads up the wire to the PIC. Once there, it is then translated via the logical inputs and given to the microchip unit through the diodes. This output signal is served to the IR LED’s through the current limitation resistors; where the electrical signal is changed to an optical signal. At this point, the motor will start. There are three additional switches which are designed to alternate between fan speeds. The microcontroller is a device that connects to the computer PC. It is incorporated into the electronic board and contains a memory, processor core, and a programmable input/output. This is therefore used to program the PIC of the remote and the receiver by use of the assembly language. The IR Receiver is to receive the infrared (IR). IR receiver detects infrared light that is being projected from the transmitter. By using an infrared signal to maintain a charged capacitor, this in turn keeps the run relay ready. The motor itself is the machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical ability to complete the work; for instance, the electric motors used to run

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald he explains to the reader in a distinctive way who Jay Gatsby is. This new man who is secretly in love with Daisy and has lots of new money, is living in West Egg., this mysterious character is revealed to us by the narrator Nick Caraway. Rumours and facts are revealed to us in the first five chapters. At the beginning of the novel, Jay Gatsby is described to us as a mysterious man who is really shy; we also know nothing about him. He purchases a mansion in West Egg. He through lots of parties to gain social status and to gain access to Daisy. Rumours help distinguish this character a lot. The rumours that you read come to you as being true. However the reality is that it isn’t. â€Å"One time he killed a man who had found out it was nephew to Von Hidenburg.† Von Hidenburg was a German field marshal in WW1. He also appointed Adolf Hitler Canceler. Jay Gatsby was a Solider in WW1. This rumour make you think that he is courageous hero who killed a close family member of a German Hero. As a reader we think that these rumours are not completely true that they are over exaggerated. Perhaps the truth that jay Gatsby did kill a German but maybe just a German Officer or General. Further on in the book in Chapter 4 Gatsby reveals to Nick a lot of information about his life. â€Å"I took the remains of my machine gun battalion so far forward†¦ We stayed there for two nights and two days†¦ and when the infantry came (Allie Forces) up the found the insignia of three German diversions among the pile of the dead.† How could one non-complete battalion take out three other battalions and live to tell the tale? Nick makes us think this Gatsby is being completely truthful or is slightly over exaggerating his story. But before Nick completely names his as untruthful then Jay Gatsby brings out a large amount of evidence to back up his heroism. â€Å"Major jay Gatsby, I read. Then it is all true.† Jay Gatsby enters the novel as a shy and mysterious character who has recently came into a great large deal of new money. But as the novel progresses we understand that he was living in poverty in his childhood, and that he had basically been spoilt when his family died. He has secretly been in love with Daisy for ten years and he tries to improve his status by being the party hostess. Rumour and factual information help give the reader a better understanding of Jay Gatsby and how he can to be so rich and all of his history.

From Paleolithic to the Modern World :: World History

From Paleolithic to the Modern World Before the existence of an advanced civilization many steps of evolution is required. The complex human society is one of the best examples there is. For example the revolutionary steps from the Paleolithic and the Neolithic to the Modern World is filled with wonder and awe. However, the ascents involved is not that extraordinary; if it is being closely observed. Foremost, the Nomadic People of the Paleolithic Age depends heavily on the moving herds of animals for food and sometimes even clothing. Therefore, nomads of Paleolithic Age follow their preys and move with them as the various animals migrates as the season changes through out the year. Even though the nomads' food source was usually abundant and finding of shelters were not much of a problem, but the ongoing journeys with the hunted animals provides little security against several other different big game predators, that preys upon both men and the animals nomads travel with. The harsh environment nomads face gradually forced them to discover a much easier lifestyle. And that began the age of Neolithic or the New Stone Age. During the New Stone age people started to settle down and build their own shelters instead of dwelling in caves. Also the once nomads learned how to grow their own food. As a result population grew as life became easier and more bearable. The result of the population growth directly affected the early people in many ways. One of them is that due to scarce food during the nomadic period, clans had to dispatch extra members when it reach to a certain number. However, with the much more settled society be rid of extra members is no longer necessary. Therefore, more manual labors were available when needed. As the early people learned how to adapt and modify to the environment that they lived in, more advanced settlements began to emerge.

Introduction to Debt Policy Essay -- essays research papers

When a firm grows, it needs capital, and that capital can come from debt or equity. Debt has two important advantages. First, interest paid on Debt is tax deductible to the corporation. This effectively reduces the debt’s effective cost. Second, debt holders get a fixed return so stockholders do not have to share their profits if the business is extremely successful. Debt has disadvantages as well, the higher the debt ratio, the riskier the company, hence higher the cost of debt as well as equity. If the company suffers financial hardships and the operating income is not sufficient to cover interest charges, its stockholders will have to make up for the shortfall and if they cannot, bankruptcy will result. Debt can be an obstacle that blocks a company from seeing better times even if they are a couple of quarters away. Capital structure policy is a trade-off between risk and return:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using debt raises the risk borne by stock holders  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using more debt generally leads to a higher expected rate on equity. There are four primary factors influence capital structure decisions:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business risk, or the riskiness inherent in the firm’s operations, if it uses no debt. The greater the firm’s business risk, the lower its optimal debt ratio.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firm’s tax position. A major reason for using debt is that interest is tax deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt. However if most of a firm’s income is already sheltered from taxes by depreciation tax shields, by interest on currently outstanding debt, or by tax loss carry forwards, its tax rate will already be low, so additional debt will not be as advantageous as it would be to a firm with a higher effective tax rate.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial flexibility or the ability to raise capital on reasonable terms under adverse conditions. Corporate treasurers know that a steady supply of capital is necessary for stable operations, which is vital for long-run success. They also know that when money is tight in the economy, or when a firm is experiencing operating difficulties, suppliers of capital prefer to provide funds to companies with strong balance sheets. Therefore, both the potential future need for funds and the consequences of a funds shortage influence the target capital struct... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  668,391 Total Value  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,234,077 Total per share = (Total Value)/(No. of Shares)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  60.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.43   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before re-capitalization, the weight of debt of the Kopper’s firm is around 9.1% (172,409 / 1,889,153) and the share price is $60.50. Issuing a debt of $1,738,095,000 has changed the capital structure of the firm and the new weight of Debt is 71.8% (1,738,095 / 2,421,486). Though, the share price has decreased to $23.76 after re-capitalization, shareholders have a cash flow of $79.43 due to the dividend of $55.67 (79.43 - 23.76) paid out. Share Price before Re-capitalization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $60.50 New Share Price after Re-capitalization (SP)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $23.76 Number of Shares (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28,128 Value of Dividend Paid Out (D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $1,565,686 Dividend Distributed per share (Div/share = D/N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $55.67 Total Value to Shareholder (SP + Div/Share)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $79.43 Introduction to Debt Policy Essay -- essays research papers When a firm grows, it needs capital, and that capital can come from debt or equity. Debt has two important advantages. First, interest paid on Debt is tax deductible to the corporation. This effectively reduces the debt’s effective cost. Second, debt holders get a fixed return so stockholders do not have to share their profits if the business is extremely successful. Debt has disadvantages as well, the higher the debt ratio, the riskier the company, hence higher the cost of debt as well as equity. If the company suffers financial hardships and the operating income is not sufficient to cover interest charges, its stockholders will have to make up for the shortfall and if they cannot, bankruptcy will result. Debt can be an obstacle that blocks a company from seeing better times even if they are a couple of quarters away. Capital structure policy is a trade-off between risk and return:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using debt raises the risk borne by stock holders  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using more debt generally leads to a higher expected rate on equity. There are four primary factors influence capital structure decisions:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business risk, or the riskiness inherent in the firm’s operations, if it uses no debt. The greater the firm’s business risk, the lower its optimal debt ratio.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firm’s tax position. A major reason for using debt is that interest is tax deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt. However if most of a firm’s income is already sheltered from taxes by depreciation tax shields, by interest on currently outstanding debt, or by tax loss carry forwards, its tax rate will already be low, so additional debt will not be as advantageous as it would be to a firm with a higher effective tax rate.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial flexibility or the ability to raise capital on reasonable terms under adverse conditions. Corporate treasurers know that a steady supply of capital is necessary for stable operations, which is vital for long-run success. They also know that when money is tight in the economy, or when a firm is experiencing operating difficulties, suppliers of capital prefer to provide funds to companies with strong balance sheets. Therefore, both the potential future need for funds and the consequences of a funds shortage influence the target capital struct... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  668,391 Total Value  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,234,077 Total per share = (Total Value)/(No. of Shares)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  60.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.43   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before re-capitalization, the weight of debt of the Kopper’s firm is around 9.1% (172,409 / 1,889,153) and the share price is $60.50. Issuing a debt of $1,738,095,000 has changed the capital structure of the firm and the new weight of Debt is 71.8% (1,738,095 / 2,421,486). Though, the share price has decreased to $23.76 after re-capitalization, shareholders have a cash flow of $79.43 due to the dividend of $55.67 (79.43 - 23.76) paid out. Share Price before Re-capitalization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $60.50 New Share Price after Re-capitalization (SP)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $23.76 Number of Shares (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28,128 Value of Dividend Paid Out (D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $1,565,686 Dividend Distributed per share (Div/share = D/N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $55.67 Total Value to Shareholder (SP + Div/Share)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $79.43